《赫尔曼·黑塞：人的使命就是回到自我》高考阅读练习及答案
阅读下面的文字，完成7～9题。
赫尔曼·黑塞：人的使命就是回到自我
《德米安》讲述少年辛克莱追求自我的历程。乖小孩辛克莱生活在父母亲、圣诗、爱和智慧的“明亮世界”中，却感觉到存在另一个充斥阴影与诱惑的“黑暗世界”。他受控于不良少年克罗默，被迫偷窃和说谎。一个叫马克斯·德米安的神秘少年将他从窘境中解救出来。辛克莱就是黑塞的镜中人。1877年7月2日，黑塞出生在德国南部小镇卡尔夫，卡尔夫位于黑森林边缘，空气中充满干草气味和苹果芳香。童年的黑塞，和地上的果园及水中的鱼群共处天地，爱吟咏自然之歌。成年的黑塞写了40多篇描绘故乡的散文，对于年轻时就离开故乡的黑塞来说，少年时代具有决定意义。
外祖父让黑塞迷上了东方文化。黑塞的童年记忆里，外祖父的屋子是他的天堂，在自传式片段小说《魔术师的童年》里写：“人们在这屋里祈祷和读《圣经》，研究和学习印度哲学，还演奏许多优美的音乐。这里有知道佛陀和老子的人，有来自许多不同国度的客人”。
黑塞喜欢这样的家庭，但他梦想的世界更缤纷。他希望成为一名魔术师，“让人起死回生”、“让苹果在冬天长大”。他最渴望的魔法是隐形术，由此“逃避外在世界，全心贯注于我自己”。这种耽于对世界幻想的浪漫气质，加之少年时代汲取的精神养分，让黑塞如愿以偿——他变成了语言的魔术师，一个诗人。
黑塞前40年的生命姿态是向外的——逃学，远离家庭生活，走遍欧亚，他需要挣脱。《德米安》里，亦善亦恶的马克斯对辛克莱说，“那只鸟在挣扎着要从蛋壳中解脱出来。那个蛋就是这个世界。谁要想诞生，就一定首先要毁灭一个世界。”
近不惑之年，黑塞却遭遇了惶惑。1914年一战爆发，德国狂热了，连知识分子都在欢呼。黑塞发表评论《朋友啊，放弃那种笔调！》，批评弥漫欧洲的好战心态。他的反战态度触怒了德国当局，成了“卖国贼”，亲友远离他。祸不单行，1916年父亲病逝，幼子重病，妻子精神出了问题，得抑郁症的黑塞不得不中止德国俘虏营的服务工作，在分析心理学创始人荣格的学生约瑟夫·朗博士那里接受了72次心理分析治疗。
历经两位心理学大师启发，黑塞逐渐得到疗愈。黑塞心灵解脱的直接产物，就是1917年一气呵成的《德米安》。小说里辛克莱受到风琴手皮斯托里乌斯的影响，他的原型就是朗博士。这部探索自我命运的作品，是黑塞接受心理治疗的诗意沉淀。他清算过去的一切，接受意识里善与恶“混沌”的状态。这部小说对战败后虚脱的德国青年产生了强烈心灵震颤，黑塞获得了首次重生。
40岁以后的黑塞，在公共和私人领域愈发听从自我的良知，但他这个从《德米安》梦中的“蛋”里挣脱的“鸟”，在破壳而出的过程中，却经历着精神重估的内心狂暴。他说《德米安》是“前往地狱之旅”，而最高潮则在小说《荒原狼》完成。
从一战至1931年，黑塞深感市民社会秩序的崩塌，欧洲旧价值正在瓦解，他从自我内部出发，试图找到生存价值。《荒原狼》表述了一代知识分子走投无路的精神苦闷。“荒原狼”哈立被内在人性和狼性撕裂，作为旧欧洲的知识分子代表，哈立的绝望是一种时代病，面对现代性的逼近，他的病症惟有通过自我剖析来治愈。
至1930年探索灵肉调和主题的《纳尔齐斯与歌尔德蒙》问世，黑塞结束了危机期，开始探索精神上的理想世界。此刻黑塞在德国已是“不受欢迎的作家”，他隐居在瑞士乡野，大清早就戴着草帽打扫庭院的枯枝败叶。虽然隐居，却非遁世。黑塞从不回避时代，法西斯在欧洲猖獗，黑塞试图从东西方宗教和哲学中看见世界前景。
1962年8月9日，听完一首莫扎特的钢琴协奏曲后，黑塞与世长辞。《德米安》的前言里，黑塞写道：“没有一个人曾经整个完全发挥他自己，可每一个人却都努力要做到那个地步。”焦灼的荒原狼已新生为了真正的人，黑塞成为了他自己。
（原文有删减文/柏琳新京报记者）
【相关链接】
赫尔曼·黑塞（1877-1962），德国作家，诗人，被誉为“德国浪漫派最后一个骑士”的作家。出生在德国，1923年加入瑞士籍。1946年获诺贝尔文学奖。（选自“百度百科”）7.下列对材料有关内容的分析和概括，不恰当的一项是（3分）
A．黑塞之所以成为诗人，既源于他天生的浪漫气质，也因为他拥有幸福美好的童年、叛逆敏感的少年以及艰难自救的中年经历。
B．当局的愤怒、亲友的疏离、家庭的不幸，曾让中年黑塞一度遭遇精神困境，但他积极治疗，探索自己精神困境的出路。
C．“荒原狼”哈立的苦闷属于当时的社会流行病，黑塞希望通过塑造这个形象给欧洲知识分子提供一条自我救赎之路。
D．法西斯在欧洲猖獗，黑塞试图从东方宗教和哲学中看见世界前景，这种尝试很可能受到童年时外祖父对他的影响。
8.请结合文本概括黑塞被誉为“德国浪漫派最后一个骑士”的理由。（4分）
9..文中为何反复出现小说《德米安》？请结合文本简要分析。（5分）
答案：
7.A（黑塞成为诗人和他艰难自救的中年没有关系。）
8.（1）拥有幻想的浪漫气质。如：他希望成为一名魔术师。
（2）像骑士一样勇敢无畏地对抗现实，拯救他人和世界。如黑塞发表评论批评弥漫欧洲的好战心态；黑塞的作品让战后的青年产生震颤也让作者获得自我救赎。
（3）黑塞处于欧洲旧价值瓦解时；其代表作品也表达当代旧知识分子的绝望。（每点2分，其中概括1分，结合文本说明1分；答对任意两点即可。）
9.（1）《德米安》是贯穿传记的线索，辛克莱就是黑塞的镜中人（少年辛克莱和少年黑塞有相似的人生经历）；小说既对德国青年产生心灵影响，也是黑塞心灵解脱的直接产物。（3分）
（2）用黑塞自己创作的小说来解读这位伟大的作家，增加了传记文本的文学性，让传主的人生充满了诗意。（2分）
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