朝元图中西王母图像研究

《朝元圖》中西王母圖像研究

葛思康Lennert Gesterkamp

中央研究院歷史語言研究所博士後

摘要

目前，只有三幅《朝元圖》的西王母像，兩幅爲元代壁畫、一幅應該為北宋末的畫軸。宋代以前或元代以後，沒有這種畫的紀錄或存在。本文章要研究爲什麽西王母的圖像在這個短時期進入《朝元圖》的構圖。因爲《朝元圖》跟道教儀式有密切關係，作爲道士向神靈的進表對象和存想天宮的工具，所以提到西王母在道教儀式上的角色和位置的經文，不僅表明一個相同的歷史過程，而且解釋西王母變成主管鍊度儀的主要神靈。鍊度儀和内丹學的關係也能夠解釋《朝元圖》與西王母像的符號思想。

關鍵詞：西王母、朝元圖、鍊度、内丹、永樂宮、壁畫

A Study on the Image of Queen Mother of the West in

Portraits of Deities Worshipping

Gesterkamp

Institute of History and Philology,

Taiwan Academia Sinica

Abstract

Currently there are only three Portraits of Deities Worshipping in which Queen Mother of the West appears. Two of them are frescos of Yuan Dynasty, and one should be a painting scroll of Northern Song Dynasty. There is no record or existence of similar painting before Song Dynasty and after Yuan Dynasty. This paper is a study on why the images of Queen Mother of the West were included in Portraits of Deities Worshipping during this short period. Since Portraits of Deities Worshipping are closely related to the rites of religious Taoism as Taoist priests’tools of the objects of prayer presenting and tool for visualization of the Palace of Heaven. Therefore, canons in which the role and position of Queen Mother of the West are mentioned shows not only an identical historical process, they also explain how Queen Mother of the West become a main deity responsible for the rite of Lian Du. The relationship between the rite of Lian Du and the theory of Inner Alchemy can also explain the symbolism of Portraits of Deities Worshipping and the image of Queen Mother of the West.

Keywords: Queen Mother of the West, Portraits of Deities Worshipping, Lian Du, Theory of Inner Alchemy, Y ong-Le Palace, fresco.