英语词汇学

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• 2. Dialects and regional English: • relative synonyms in British and American usage • British American lift elevator car park parking lot
• Types of synonyms • 1. Complete or absolute synonyms(完全/绝对同 义词):It refers to the two words are totally synonymous and they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings. e.g. • fatherland -- motherland, word-formation -- wordbuilding. • 2. Relative synonyms or more accurate quasisynonymous words(相对同义词):It refers to the words are synonymous in meaning basically but there are some small differences. e.g. beautiful, pretty, good-looking, handsome, attractive, charming are synonymous words.
II. 词与词之间的同义关系
词与词可以因表达同一的逻辑概念结合在一起,这 些词称之为同义词(synonyms)。 同义词只是意义相同,但形位结构、音位形状和用 法不同。 一对或一组同义词并不是一成不变,一个词可与 一部分或另一部分词构成同义词。如: look与see, watch, observe 构成同义词,表示“看”的概念, 也可以与seem, appear 构成同义词,表示“看上 去”的概念。
语言学家从不同的角度,不同的标准划分反义词:
一、以词根和派生为依据的传统划分标准 1.由不同词根构成的反义词叫做词根反义词(root antonyms)。 如:clear –-vague, large --- small,up---down 2. 通过派生法,用词缀构成的反义词叫做派生反 义词(derivative antonyms)。这一类反义词的特点是词 根相同,而加上了前缀或后缀构成反义词。 如:pleasant --- unpleasant polite --- impolite honest---dishonest prewar---postwar useful---useless hopeful---hopeless
性(relativity),即语义的两极相比较而存在
如: He is (very) old. He is older than you.
b. 对立的渐进性(gradual)
反义词的两级中间可插进表示不同程度性质的词语,体现 出对立的层次性。 如:beautiful pretty goodlooking plain ugly love attachment爱慕,依恋,眷恋 liking喜欢,喜
同义词有时在句中的分布位置不同。 如:“活着的” the living creature, thy, the baby asleep
III. 词与词之间的反义关系
词与词之间存在着相反或对立的语义关系,这种 关系叫做反义关系(antonymy)。词义相反或对立的 词叫做反义词(antonyms)。
• beautiful, pretty, handsome, lovely
beautiful: 普通,含义广; 用于可爱的人或物;指形式和颜色的完美; 给人以愉快的印象,给人以美和高贵的感觉的人或物;女性 和小男/女孩; pretty: 不如beautiful强烈;小巧,俏丽;没有文雅、高贵的含义; 女性和孩子; handsome: 用做“漂亮”时,多指男性;形容女性,指“健壮和举止大 方的美”,“身材匀称,端正庄重”;指物时“悦目,匀称, 端正,庄重” lovely: 强调说话人的感情,感受;能引起赞赏和喜悦的人和物;
三、同义词之间的差异
1、语义上的差异 如:amaze astound 使惊呼 a. A teacher was amazed to find that a lazy student had gained a mark of 100 in an important test. 难以相信 b. A woman may be astounded to learn that her dearest friend has been spreading malicious gossip about her. 难以相信的程度 更高
3. 在词的搭配和位置分布上的差异 同义词不仅在语义或语体色彩上有差异,而且在 与其他词搭配使用上也有区别。 a. ―变质腐坏“ rotten butter/egg sour milk b. ―一群” a flock of /sheep a herd of /cows a school of/whales a pride of/lions a group of /people, trees, houses… c. ―指责” accuse… of charge… with rebuke… for reproach…with/for
二、以语义对比(semantic contrast)为依据来划分的现 代标准。这可分成以下几种:
1、相对性反义词(contraries) “两级反义词,相反词,可分级反义词” 即语义相对,形成两极。 如:wide --- narrow, old --- young, big --- small 1.1 特点: a.语义(semantic polarity) 归一性/两极性和相对
表示“笑”的一组同义词 smile 微笑 grin 咧嘴笑,露齿而笑 chortle 哈哈大笑 guffaw 狂笑 snigger 暗笑 titter 窃笑 laugh 大笑,嘲笑 roar 哄笑,狂笑 chuckle 含笑,暗笑 giggle咯咯笑
• 2 感情色彩和语体上的差异Differences in affection and style • Statesman—politician(政治家—政客) • Intellectual—egghead(知识分子—书呆子) • Cop—policeman (slang—ordinary style) • Pass away—die (Euph—ordinary style) • See –look for (formal—informal)
• Major sources of English synonyms(同义 词) are : • 1. Borrowing: Modern English is extremely rich in synonyms, which come from different sources. The most important source may be borrowing. • Native Borrowed answer reply
Semantic Classification of Words 词的语义分类
语义分类(semantic classification of words):
根据词与词之间的语义关系对词进行分类: 1. 上下义关系 the superordinate and the hyponym 2. 同义关系 synonymy 3. 反义关系 antonymy 4. 同形或同音异义关系 homonymy
爱 indifference漠不关心;冷淡 antipathy反感;厌恶 hate憎恨
2、互补反义词(complementaries)
―绝对反义词,矛盾词,二元反义词,互补词‖ 反义词的互补性指的是非此即彼或非彼即此( The denial of one means the assertion of the other or vice versa.) 如:If John is not married, he is single. If John is not single, he is married. 这一类的反义词有: dead --- alive, boy --- girl, brother --- sister **这一类反义词中不能再插入表示层次性对立的词语。
ewe Lamb
公羊 母羊
语义场:由 小羊 下义词组成
• Semantic Field(语义场) 语义场的共同概念由上义词表示,由下义词组 成。 Semantic field of colours: red, orange… Semantic field of kinship: son, father…
• look, glance, stare, gaze, eye, peep
look 通俗常用,泛指“看”的动作 glance “一瞥‖ a short, quick look stare “盯着看、目不转睛的看‖ a very surprised look or a very ill-mannered gaze gaze “凝视,注视” a long, steady look, often caused by surprise or admiration eye “注视,察看” watch carefully peep “偷看,窥视” a cautious glance
4. 多项不相容词(semantic incompatibles)
如: north spring January Sunday south east west summer autumn winter February March … December Monday…Saturday
escape flee 逃、逃脱 a. The wolf rolled over and played dead to escape capture by the farmer. b. They lost no time in fleeing the burning hotel. 更强调在紧急情况下仓促逃跑
3、换位反义词(conversives)
―关系反义词,对立词‖ 换位反义词指的是两个词在语义上既表示对立关系,又表 示相互依存的关系 (There is an interdependence of meaning.), 一方的存在以另一方的存在为前提 (One member of the pair presupposes the other member.),双方形成一个对立的统一 体(a unity of opposites)。 如: buy --- sell, give --- receive, lend --- borrow husband --- wife, parent --- child up ---below go---come If A sells a watch to B, B buys a watch from A. If A gives a pen to B, B receives a pen from A.
I. 词与词之间的上下义关系
Living有生命的 类概念 animal 支配词 种概念
plant
受支配词
bush tree shrub flower tiger wolf dog sheep pine oak ash maple white yellow pine pine 五叶松 黄松 Ram
上下义关系
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