高层建筑防火与疏散设计探析

高层建筑防火与疏散设计探析

High-rise building fire safety evacuation

design and analysis

学科专业：建筑与土木工程

研究生：张鹏

指导教师：熊春宝教授

企业教师：徐 桦 高工

天津大学建筑工程学院

二零一二年十一月

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摘要

在我国，高层建筑指10层以及10层以上的住宅和建筑高度超过24米的其他民用建筑，以及高度超过24米的两层或两层以上的厂房、库房。近年来，随着我国经济建设的迅速发展，人口迅速增长，城市建设用地的日益紧张，建筑科学技术的不断提高，促进建筑物向高空发展，高层民用建筑越来越多。我国从上个世纪70年代开始发展高层民用建筑，到上个世纪90年代，高层民用建筑得到大量兴建。近几年来，我国高层民用建筑每年以10%的速度增长，国内已建的高层建筑中半数以上是高层民用建筑，但高层民用建筑蓬勃发展的背后，其消防问题越来越引起人们的关注。由于高层建筑的楼层高、体积大、人员多、功能繁杂，高层建筑火灾危险性比普通建筑大得多，高层建筑的火灾危险因素也在增加。对于高层民建来说，在火灾中，安全疏散设计起着重要的作用，如何解决好高层民建的安全疏散设计问题，是高层民建面对的主要难题。本文从高层民建安全疏散存在的困难出发，对高层建筑的火灾荷载、火灾自动报警灭火系统、安全疏散系统、消防管理以及现存的消防安全疏散设计及管理的缺陷和问题进行了分析，提出了确保高层建筑疏散安全的对策，探讨了这些对策在高层建筑性能化设计中可用于安全疏散方案的安全性和有效性。最后，本文通过相关实例来提出新的火灾疏散逃生方式：即“电梯疏散”，并通过相关实例的数据介绍及用疏散模型模拟疏散实验来论证了在火灾初期，人们是完全可以利用电梯进行逃生的，而且这种疏散逃生方式不但快速而且可靠。本文研究宗旨是发展或改变人们对火灾的态度和行为，以求更好地满足现代高层民用建筑对消防安全的需要。

关键词：高层建筑；消防安全；火灾；安全疏散分析；电梯

ABSTRACT

In China, housings that the number of stories are greater than or equal 10 and powerhouses or storehouses whose building height are greater than or equal 24 meters are named high-rise buildings. Since 1970s, our country began to develop the high-rise civil buildings. In recent years, with the rapid growth of the numbers of Chinese population and the constant improvement of building science and technology, more and more high-rise civil buildings have come forth. Nowadays, In China, the average annul growth rate of high-rise civil buildings is 10%, meanwhile, more than half of the high-rise buildings are high-rise civil buildings. While, fire protection problems are attracting more and more attention and are in bad need of being solved with the development of the high-rise civil buildings. Due to the high stories, large volume, multiple functions, the fire hazard of the high-rise civil buildings is more than common buildings. For high-rise civil building, the safe evacuation design plays an important role in the fire. How to solve the problem in safe evacuation design of high-rise civil building is the main challenge faced by high rise civil building. Based on the difficulties in high-rise civil building evacuation, some problems including high-rise building fire load, automatic fire alarm and extinguishing system, safety evacuation systems, fire management, and the problems in safe evacuation design and management are analyzed and Some countermeasures to ensure the high-rise building safe evacuation is proposed. The safety and efficacy of that the countermeasures can be used for safety evacuation design in high-rise building are explored. Finally, "elevator evacuation" as a new mean to escape when fire has happened is proposed, and it is workable with their related data and evacuation simulation. The results show the mean to escape that means "elevator evacuation" is not only efficient but also reliable. This article aims at changing people's attitudes to fires, and even better satisfies the fire safety demands of the high-rise civil buildings.

Key words: High-rise Building; Fire Safety; Fire; Evacuation Analysis; Elevator