2005-2016年历年考研英语一真题及答案详解

2016 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题

Section IUse of English

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD

on theANSWERSHEET.(10 points)

InCambodia,thechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itmay involvenot onlyhisparentsandhisfriends, 1 thoseoftheyoungwoman,butalsoamatchmaker.A young man can 2 a likelyspouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage

negotiations,ortheyoungman’sparentsmaymakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlittle tosayintheselection. 4 ,agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen. 5 a

spouse hasbeen selected, each familyinvestigates the other to make sure its childismarrying 6 a good family.

Thetraditionalweddingisa longandcolorfulaffair.Formerly itlastedthreedays, 7 by the1980sitmorecommonlylastedaday andahalf.Buddhistpriestsofferashortsermonand8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremonyinvolve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soakedinholywateraroundthebride’sandgro om’s wrists,and 10 acandlearoundacircle ofhappilymarriedandrespectedcouplestoblessthe 11 .Newlywedstraditionallymovein withthewife’s parentsandmay 12 withthemuptoayear, 13 theycanbuildanew house nearby.

Divorceislegalandeasyto 14 ,butnotcommon.Divorcedpersonsare 15 with somedisapproval.Eachspouseretains 16 property heorshe 17 intothe marriage,and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice

19 up:thedivorcedmale doesn’t haveawaitingperiodbeforehecanremarry

20 the woman must waitten months.

1. [A] bywayof [B] on behalf of [C] as wellas [D] with regard to

2. [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C] compete with [D] decided on

3. [A] close [B] renew [C] arrange [D] postpone

4. [A]Above all [B] In theory [C] In time [D] For example

5. [A]Although [B] Lest [C]After [D] Unless

6. [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through

7. [A] since [B] but [C] or [D] so

8. [A] copy [B] test [C] recite [D] create

9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying

10. [A]passing [B] lighting [C] hiding [D] serving

11. [A] meeting [B] collection [C] association [D] union

12. [A]grow [B] part [C] deal [D] live

13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] if [D] for

14. [A]obtain [B] follow [C] challenge [D] avoid

15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed

16. [A] whatever [B] however [C] whenever [D] wherever

17. [A]changed [B] brought [C]shaped [D] pushed

18. [A] withdrawn [B] invested [C] donated [D] divided

19. [A]breaks [B] warns [C] shows [D] clears

20. [A] so that [B] while [C] once [D] in that

Section IIReading Comprehension

PartA

Directions：

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby choosingA,B,Cor D. Mark your answerson theANSWERSHEET.(40 points)

T ext 1

France,whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion,hasdecideditsfashion industry haslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Itslawmakersgavepreliminary approvallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonrunways. Theparliamentalsoagreedtoban websitesthat―i nci t eexcessivethinnes s‖byp romoting ext r em e dieting.

Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. Theysuggestbeautyshould notbe defined bylooks thatend up impinging on health.That’s astart.And thebanon ul t ra-thinmodels seems to gobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarvingthemselvestodeath–assomehavedone.Ittellsthe fashionindustry thatitmusttakeresponsibility forthesignalitsendswomen,especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure theymustuse to determine their individual worth.

Thebans,iffully enforced,wouldsuggesttowomen(andmany men)thattheyshouldnotlet othersbearbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,they hintthatpeopleshouldlookto intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their wayto size zero or wasp-waistphysiques.

TheFrenchmeasures,however,rely toomuchonseverepunishmenttochangeaculturethat stillregardsbeautyasskin-deep–andbone-showing.Underthelaw,usingafashionmodelthat doesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodymasscouldresultina$85,000fineandsix

months in prison.

The fashionindustryknows ithas an inherentproblemin focusing on materialadornmentand idealizedbody types.InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafewothercountries,itistryingtoset voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.

I n contrastto France’sactions,Denmark’sfashionindustry agreedlastmonthonrulesand sanctionsregardingtheage, health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.Thenewly revisedDanish FashionEthicalCharterclearly states:―Weareawareofandtakeresponsibility forthe im pact the fashionindustryhasonbodyideals,especially onyoungpeopl e.‖Thecha r t er’s maintool of enforcementis to denyaccessfor designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion

W eek(CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shamemethod of compliance.

Relyingon ethicalpersuasionratherthanlawto address themisuseofbodyidealsmaybethe

beststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsof a particular industry.

21.According to the firstparagraph, what wouldhappen in France? [A]

New runways would be constructed.

[B]Physicalbeautywould be redefined.

[C]W ebsites aboutdietingwould thrive.

[D]The fashion industrywould decline.

22.Thephrase ―impinging on‖(Line 2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to .

[A] heightening the value of

[B] indicating the state of

[C] losing faith in

[D] doingharmto

23.Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?

[A] Newstandards arebeingset in Denmark.

[B]The French measures have alreadyfailed. [C]

Models areno longerunderpeerpressure. [D] Its

inherentproblems aregetting worse.

24.Adesigner is most likelyto be rejected byCFWfor .

[A] pursuingperfectphysicalconditions

[B] caring too much aboutmodel’scharacter

[C] showing little concern for health factors

[D] setting a high age threshold for models

25.Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?

[A]AChallengeto the Fashion Industry’sBodyIdeals

[B]ADilemma for the Starving Models in France

[C] JustAnotherRoundof Struggle for Beauty

[D]TheGreatThreats to theFashion Industry

T ext2

Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.InBritainthishas hadacuriousresult.W hilepollsshow B r i t ons rate―t hecountrysi de‖a longsidetheroyal f a m ily, Shakespeareandthe National HealthService(NHS)aswhatmakesthemproudestoftheircountry, this has limited politicaltraction.

A centuryagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbutto save―t hebeauty of naturalplacesforeveryone forever‖.I t was specifically toprovide ci t y dwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperience―a refreshingair‖.H ill’s pr essur e laterledtothe creat ion ofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydon’tmake countrysideanym or e, and everyyearconcrete consumesmore of it.Itneedsconstantguardianship.

Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikely toendorsethissentiment.The Conservatives’planningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation, evenauthorising―o f f-pl an‖buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainable https://www.360docs.net/doc/d710315060.html,bourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanning wherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.Only Ukip,sensingits chance,hassidedwiththose pleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.Nigel Farage’sspeechthisyeartotheCampaigntoProtec t RuralEngandstruckterrorintomanylocal Conservative parties.

The sensible place tobuild newhouses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and townswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroydrecently identified enough sitesforhalfa millionhousesinthe Londonareaalone, withnointrusion ongreen belt. What is true ofLondon is even truerof the provinces.

Theidea t hat―h ousing crisi s‖ equa l s―c oncretedmeadow s‖ ispurelobby talk.The issue i s nottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthem.Underlobby pressure,George Osbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainst urbanrenovationandrenewal. Hefavoursout-of-town shoppingsitesagainst high streets.Thisisnotafreemarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsand villageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredges andrespectstheircharacter.W edonotruinurbanconservationareasinthisway.Why ruinrural ones?

Developmentshouldbeplanned,notletrip.AftertheNetherlands,B r i t ai n isEurope’s m ost crowdedcountry.Halfacentury oftownandcountryplanninghasenabledittoretainanenviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the

alternative–thecorruptedlandscapesofsouthernPortugal,SpainorIreland.Avoidingthisrather

than promoting itshould unite the leftand rightof the politicalspectrum.

26. Britain’spublic sentimentabout the countryside _.

[A] didn’tstart tillthe Shakespearean age

[B] has broughtmuch benefit to the NHS

[C] is fullybacked bythe royal family [D]

is not well reflected in politics

27.According toParagraph2, the achievements of the NationalTrustare nowbeing .

[A] graduallydestroyed

[B] effectivelyreinforced

[C] largelyovershadowed

[D] properlyprotected

28. which of the following can be inferred fromParagraph 3?

[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development.

[B]TheConservativesmayabandon―off-plan‖building.

[C]The LiberalDemocrats are losing political influence. [D]

Ukip maygain from its support for ruralconservation.

29.Theauthor holds thatGeorge Osborne’s Preference.

[A] highlights his firmstand against lobbypressure

[B] shows his disregard for the characterof ruralareas [C]

stresses the necessityofeasing the housing crisis [D]

reveals a strong prejudice againsturbanareas

30. In the lastparagraph, theauthor shows his appreciation of .

[A] the size ofpopulation inBritain.

[B] the political life in today’sBritain

[C] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain

[D] the town-and-countryplanning inBritain

T ext3

“There isoneandonlyonesocialresponsibility of busines s,‖wrote Mi l t on Friedman,a Nobel prize-winning economist.―Thatis,touse itsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedto increase itsprofit s.‖ B ut even if you accept F r i edman's premise andregardcorporate soc i al responsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholders'money,thingsmaynotbeabsolutely

clear-cut.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompanies—atleast when theyare prosecuted for corruption.

The largest firms in America andBritain togetherspendmore than $15 billion a yearon CSR, accordingtoanestimatelastyearby EPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheir businessesinthree ways.First,consumers maytake CSR spendingasa―s i gnal‖thata company's productsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuy acompany'sproductsasan indirectway todonatetothe go odcausesithelps.And third,throughamorediffuse―ha lo ef f ect‖, wherebyits good deeds earnitgreaterconsideration fromconsumers and others.

PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecauseconsumers canbeaffectedbyallthree.A recentpaperattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbribery prosecutionsunder America'sForeignCorrupt Practices Act(FCP A).Itarguesthatsince prosecutorsdonotconsumeacompany'sproductsaspartoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbe influenced onlybythe halo effect.

Thestudy foundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemostcomprehensiveCSR programmestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Theiranalysisruledoutthepossibilitythatit

wasfirms'politicalinfluence,ratherthantheir CSRstance,thataccountedfortheleniency: companies thatcontributed more to politicalcampaigns did not receive lower fines.

Inall,theauthorsconcludethatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonly evaluateacasebasedonits

merits,theydo se em tobeinfluenced by acompany'srecordin C S R.―Weestimate that ei t her eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving

byabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbribing foreignofficial s,‖s ays one researcher.

Researchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchbusinesses oughttospendon CSR. Nordoes itrevealhowmuch companiesarebankingonthehaloeffect, ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleast they havedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetinto troublewiththelaw,evidenceofgood charactercan win thema less costlypunishment.

31.Theauthor views Milton Friedman’sstatementaboutCSRwith _.

[A] tolerance [B] skepticism [C] uncertainty [D] approval

32.According toParagraph2, CSRhelps a companyby_ .

[A] winning trust fromconsumers

[B] guardingitagainstmalpractices [C]

protecting it frombeing defamed [D]

raising the qualityof its products

33.Theexpression ―more lenient‖(Line 2,Para. 4) is closest in meaning to .

[A] more effective

[B] less controversial

[C] less severe

[D] more lasting

34.Whenprosecutors evaluate a case, a compa n y’s CSRrecord .

[A] has an impacton their decision

[B] comes acrossas reliable evidence

[C] increases the chanceof being penalized

[D] constitutes partof the investigation

35.Which of the following is true ofCSR, according to the lastparagraph? [A]

Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.

[B]The necessaryamountof companies’spendingon it is unknown.

[C] Companies’financialcapacityfor ithas been overestimated.

[D] Ithas broughtmuch benefit to the banking industry.

T ext4

Therewilleventually comeaday when TheNewY orkTimes ceasestopublishstorieson newsprint.Exactlywhenthatdaywillbeisamatterofdebate."Sometimeinthefuture,"the paper's publisher said back in 2010.

Nostalgiaforinkonpaperandtherustleofpagesaside,there'splenty ofincentivetoditch print.Theinfrastructurerequiredtomakea physicalnewspaper—printingpresses,delivery trucks—isn'tjustexpensive;it'sexcessiveatatimewhenonline-only competitorsdon'thavethe same setof financialconstraints. Readers are migrating awayfromprintanyway. And though print

ad salesstilldwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue fromprint is stilldeclining.

Overheadmaybehighandcirculationmaybelower,butrushingtoeliminateitsprintedition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEOJonahPeretti.

Perettisaysthe Times shouldn'twastetimegettingoutoftheprintbusiness,butonlyifthey goaboutdoing ittherightway."Figuringoutawaytoacceleratethattransitionwouldmakesense forthem,"hesaid,"butifyoudiscontinueit,you'regoingtohaveyourmostloyalcustomers reallyupset withyou."

Sometimesthat'sworthmakingachange anyway.PerettigivestheexampleofNetflix discontinuingits DVD-mailingservicetofocusonstreaming.* "Itwasseenasa blunder,"hesaid. Themoveturnedouttobeforesighted.AndifPerettiwereinchargeat The NewY orkTimes?"I

wouldn’tpickayeartoendprint," hesaid."I wouldraisepricesandmakeitintomoreofalegacy product."

Themostloyalcustomerswouldstillgettheproductthey favor,theideagoes,andthey'dfeel liketheywerehelpingsustainthequalityofsomethingtheybelievein."Soifyou'reoverpaying for print,you could feel like you were helping,"Perettisaid. "Then increase itas ahigher rate each yearandessentially try togenerateadditionalrevenue." Inotherwords,ifyou'regoingtomakea printproduct,makeitforthepeoplewhoarealready obsessedwithit.Whichmaybewhatthe Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year—more than twice asmuch asadigital-onlysubscription.

"It'sareallyhardthingtodoandit'satremendousluxurythatBuzzFeeddoesn'thavea legacy business," Perettiremarked."Butwe'regoingtohavequestionslikethatwherewehave

thingswe'redoingthatdon'tmakesensewhen themarketchangesandthe worldchanges.Inthose situations, it's better to be more aggressive than less aggressive."

36. TheNewY orkTimes is considering ending its printedition partlydue to .

[A] the highcostof operation

[B] the pressure fromits investors

[C] the complaints fromits readers

[D] the increasingonline adsales

37.Perettisuggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should _.

[A] seeknewsourcesof readership

[B] end theprinteditionfor good [C]

aimfor efficientmanagement [D]

make strategic adjustments

38. Itcan be inferred fromParagraphs 5and 6thata ―l eg acy product‖.

[A] helps restore thegloryofformer times

[B] is meant for the mostloyalcustomers

[C] willhave the costof printing reduced

[D] expands the popularityof the paper

39.Perettibelieves that, in a changing world _.

[A] legacybusinesses are becoming outdated

[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving

[C] aggressiveness bettermeets challenges [D]

traditional luxuries can stayunaffected

40.Whichof the following would be thebest title of the text? [A]

Shift to Online NewspapersAllatOnce

[B] Cherish the NewspaperStillinY ourHand

[C] MakeY ourPrint Newspapera LuxuryGood

[D] KeepY ourNewspapersForever inFashion

PartB

Directions：

Readthefollowingtextsandanswerthequestionsby choosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfrom thelistA-Gforeachofthe numberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadings.Mark your answerson theANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A] Createa new image ofyourself

[B] Have confidence in yourself

[C] Decide if the time is right [D]

Understand thecontext

[E]W ork with professionals

[F] Make itefficient

[G] Knowyour goals

Nomatterhowformalorinformaltheworkenvironment,thewayyoupresentyourselfhas animpact.Thisisespeciallytrueinfirstimpressions.Accordingtoresearchfrom Princeton University,peopleassessyourcompetence,trustworthiness,andlikeability injustatenthofa second, solelybased on thewayyou look.

Thedifferencebetween t oda y’s workplaceandthe―d ress forsucces s‖e raisthat therange of

options is so much broader.Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakersor dresst-shirtscanconvey status;inothersnotsomuch. Plus,whateverimagewepresentis magnifiedbysocial-mediaserviceslikeLinkedIn.Chancesare,yourheadshotsareseenmuch https://www.360docs.net/doc/d710315060.html,lennials,itseems,facetheparadoxofbeingthe least formalgenerationyet the mostconscious ofstyle and personalbranding. Itcanbe confusing. Sohowdowenavigatethis?Howdoweknowwhentoinves t inan upgrade?Andwhat’s thebes t

wayto pulloff one thatenhancesour goals?Here are some tips:

41.

A s anexecutivecoach,I’ve seen imageupgradesbeparticularlyhelpfulduring t r ans i t i ons—whenlookingfora newjob,steppingintoanewormorepublicrole,orchangingwork environments.If you’r einaperiodofchangeorjustfeelingstuckandinarut,nowmaybeagood

time.If you’renotsure,askforhonestfeedbackfromtrustedfriends,colleaguesandpr of es sional s. Lookforcues abouthowothersperceiveyou.Maybe there’snoneedforanupgradeand t hat’s

OK.

42.

Getclearonwhatimpactyou’r ehoping tohave.Areyoulookingtorefreshyourimageor

pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professionalimage.Foranother,itmaybetobeperceivedasmoreapproachable,or moremodern andstylish.Forsomeonemovingfromfinancetoadvertising,maybetheywanttolookmore

―S o H o.‖(I t’s OK tousecharacterizationslike t hat.)

43.

Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment?What conveysstatus?Whoareyourmostimportant audiences?How dothepeople yourespectandlookuptopresentthemselves?Thebetteryouunderstandthe culturalcontext,the more controlyou can have overyour impact.

44.

Enlistthesupportofprofessionalsandsharewiththemyourgoalsandcontext.Hirea personalstylist, or use the free styling service ofa store like J·Crew·Trya hair stylist instead ofa barber. Work with aprofessional photographerinstead of your spouseorfriend. I t’s not as

expensive asyoumight think.

45.

Thepointofastyleupgradeisn’ttobecomemorevainortospendmoretimefuss ing over whattowear.Instead,useitasanopportunity toreducedecisionfatigue.Pickastandardwork uniformorafewgo-tooptions.Buyallyourclothesatoncewithastylistinsteadofshopping alone, onearticle ofclothing ata time.

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefully andthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Y our translation should be written neatlyon theANSWERSHEET.(10 points)

Mentalhealthisourbirthright.(46)W edon’t have to learn how tobementallyhealthy;itisbuiltintousinthesamewaythatourbodiesknowhowtohealacutormendabro ken bone. Mentalhealthcan’tbe learned,onlyreawakened.I t isliketheimmunesystemofthebody,which understressorthroughlackofnutritionorexercisecanbeweakened,butwhichneverleavesus. When wedon’tunderstandthe valueofmentalhealth a ndwedon’tknowhowto gai n ac cess toit, mentalhealthwillremainhiddenfromus.(47)Our ment al health doesn’t really goanywhere; likethesunbehindacloud,itcanbetemporarilyhiddenfromview,butitisfully capableofbeingrestored in an instant.

Mentalhealthistheseedthatcontainsself-esteem—confidenceinourselvesandanability to trust inourcommonsense.Itallowsustohaveperspectiveonourlives—theability tonottake ourselvestooseriously,tolaughatourselves,toseethebiggerpicture,andtoseethat thingswill workout.I t’s aformofinnateor un learned optimism.(48)Mentalhealthallowsustoviewotherswith sympathy ifthey are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditionallovenomatterwhothey are.Mentalhealthisthesourceofcreativityforsolving problems,resolvingconflict,makingoursurroundingsmorebeautiful,managingourhomelife,or comingupwithacreativebusinessideaorinventiontomakeourliveseasier.It givesuspatience for ourselves and toward others as wellaspatience whiledriving, catching a fish, working on our car,orraisingachild.Itallowsustoseethebeautythatsurroundsuseachmomentinnature,in

culture, in the flowof our dailylives.

(49)Althoughmentalhealthisthecure-allforlivingourlives,itisperfectly ordinaryasyouwillseethatithasbeentheretodirectyouthroughallyourdifficultdecisions.Ithasbeen availableeveninthemostmundaneoflifesituationstoshowyourightfromwrong,goodfrom

bad,friendfromfoe.Mentalhealthhascommonly beencalledconscience,instinct,wisdom, common sense, orthe inner voice. W e thinkof itsimplyas a healthyand helpfulflowof intelligent thought.(50)As youwill cometosee,knowingthat mentalhealthis always availableand knowing to trustitallowus to slowdown to the momentand live life happily.

Section IIIWriting

PartA

51.Directions:

Supposeyouarealibrarianinyouruniversity.Writeanoticeofabout100words,providing the newly-enrolled internationalstudents with relevant information about the library.

Y ou should write neatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

Do not sign your own nameat the end of the https://www.360docs.net/doc/d710315060.html,e―L i Mi ng‖ i nst ead.

Do not write the address. (10 points)

PartA

52.Directions:

Write an essayof 160-200 words basedon the followingpictures. Inyour essay,you should

1) describe the pictures briefly,

2) interpret the meaning, and

3) giveyour comments.

Y ou should write neatlyon theANSWERSHEET. (20 points)