商务英语信函委婉语认知语用分析.docx

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商务谈判中的英语委婉语的运用及其表达方法

商务谈判中的英语委婉语的运用及其表达方法

商务谈判中的英语委婉语的运用及其表达方法(1)使用委婉语。

Usage of Polite Expressions。

在商务谈判中,大部分的内容都是要求对方做出一些改变,提出一些建议。

如果使用粗鲁的用语来表达,就有可能使对方感到受到冒犯,从而阻碍了谈判的进行。

因此,在谈判中,我们应该使用委婉语来表达,以便改善和维护双方的关系。

一些委婉语如:In the business negotiation, most of the contents are to ask the other party to make some changes and make some suggestions. If we use rude language to express, it is possible to make the other party feel offended, thus hindering the negotiation. Therefore, in the negotiation, we should use polite expressions to express, in order to improve and maintain the relationship between the two parties. Some polite expressions such as:。

I would suggest that ... 。

I wonder if ... 。

I would like to inquire ... 。

Would you mind ... 。

I would appreciate it if ...(2)表达方法。

Expression Methods。

在使用委婉语时,我们要注意语气的选择和措辞的微调,这是表达方法的关键部分。

正确的语气使谈判体验更加融洽,使谈判方更容易接受。

一般来说,我们应该用尊敬、诚恳、亲切的语气来表达。

英语商务信函的语用分析

英语商务信函的语用分析

英语商务信函的语用分析在当今全球化的商业环境中,英语商务信函扮演着至关重要的角色。

它们不仅是商业交流的主要工具,而且是建立和维持商业关系的关键手段。

英语商务信函的语用分析旨在理解和解释这些信函的交际功能和语言使用。

建立商业关系英语商务信函通常用于建立新的商业关系。

这些信函通常会概述写信人的公司、产品或服务,并表达对潜在合作伙伴的尊重和合作愿望。

例如,一封典型的建立商业关系的信函可能会开始于对收件人的赞扬或是对双方合作的期望,然后详细介绍自己的公司或产品,最后表达希望建立长期合作的愿望。

询盘和报价英语商务信函也常用于向潜在的供应商或客户发出询盘或报价。

这些信函通常会详细说明所需的产品数量、规格和质量,以及希望的价格和交货时间。

同时,这些信函也会包含关于支付方式和交货期的详细信息。

订单和确认当客户决定购买产品或服务时,他们通常会通过英语商务信函发出订单,并要求供应商确认订单。

这些信函通常会包含有关产品或服务的详细信息,如数量、规格、价格和交货日期。

这些信函还可能包含关于支付方式和退货政策的详细信息。

交易确认和合同一旦供应商确认了客户的订单,客户通常会通过英语商务信函发出交易确认。

这些信函通常会包含有关订单的详细信息,如订单号、产品或服务的描述、价格和交货日期。

这些信函还可能包含关于付款和退货政策的详细信息,以及一份合同副本。

支付和发票英语商务信函也常用于处理与支付相关的事宜。

这些信函可能会包含有关发票号、付款日期和付款方式的详细信息。

这些信函还可能提醒客户注意超时付款的后果,并鼓励他们按照合同条款进行付款。

投诉和索赔如果客户对产品或服务不满意,他们可能会通过英语商务信函表达投诉或提出索赔。

这些信函通常会详细说明问题或纠纷的性质,以及客户希望得到的解决方案。

这些信函还可能包含有关客户希望得到的赔偿或补偿的详细信息。

英语商务信函在商业交流中扮演着至关重要的角色。

通过对其语用分析的理解和应用,商业人士可以更好地理解和使用这种重要的商业交流工具,以促进更有效的商业交流和更成功的商业关系。

委婉语在商务信函中的应用

委婉语在商务信函中的应用

委婉语在商务信函中的应用在商业交往中,委婉语是一种非常重要的沟通技巧,可以帮助我们避免直接、冒犯的语言,从而更好地表达我们的意见和需求。

特别是在商务信函中,委婉语的应用显得尤为重要。

下面,我们将探讨如何在商务信函中使用委婉语。

委婉语可以用来软化语气。

在商业交往中,有时我们需要表达一些可能让对方感到不快或尴尬的观点或要求。

在这种情况下,委婉语可以帮助我们以更温和、更礼貌的方式表达我们的观点或要求。

例如,我们可以用“我们有一些小问题需要解决”代替“我们的产品存在严重问题”,这样可以减少对方的抵触情绪,更容易让他们接受我们的意见或要求。

委婉语可以用来避免冒犯。

在商业交往中,有时我们会遇到一些敏感或棘手的话题,如薪资、裁员等。

在这些情况下,委婉语可以帮助我们以更谨慎、更体贴的方式表达我们的观点或要求,从而避免冒犯对方或引起不必要的冲突。

例如,我们可以用“我们需要进一步评估公司的财务状况”代替“我们要裁员”,这样可以减轻对方的痛苦和不满。

委婉语可以用来增强说服力。

在商业交往中,有时我们需要说服对方接受我们的观点或要求。

在这种情况下,委婉语可以帮助我们以更具有说服力和感染力的方式表达我们的观点或要求。

例如,我们可以用“这个项目有很大的潜力和前景”代替“我们必须坚持这个项目”,这样可以增强我们的说服力和感染力,使对方更容易接受我们的观点或要求。

委婉语在商务信函中具有非常重要的作用。

通过使用委婉语,我们可以更好地表达我们的观点和需求,同时也可以避免直接冒犯对方或引起不必要的冲突。

因此,在商业交往中,我们应该学会恰当使用委婉语,以增强我们的沟通能力、说服力和合作成功率。

在商务英语信函中,委婉语是一种常用的语言策略,可以有效地缓解商务交流中的紧张气氛,增强交际效果。

从顺应论的视角来看,使用委婉语是顺应论的一种表现,发件人通过使用间接、礼貌的语言表达自己的意图,以获得收件人的理解和认可。

礼貌性:在商务英语信函中,使用委婉语的最基本特征是礼貌性。

商务英语信函中的委婉语与翻译

商务英语信函中的委婉语与翻译
商务 英 语 信 函 中的 委 婉 语 与 翻 译
丛丽君
(广州航海高等专科学校 外语系, 广东 广州 510725)
摘 要:委婉语的使用在商务英语信函中是一种普遍现象, 本文以合作原则和礼貌策略为理论基础 ,从句子层面探讨信 函中委婉语的交际功能以及主要的构成手段 。 关键词 :委婉语 商务英语信 函 礼貌策略 面子
和语用手段也可以表达委婉的意思,而且这种手段在商务英 语信函中应用极为广泛。人们常常借用委婉语, 、 礼貌 委婉地 陈述自己的观点和愿望 , 提出请求或建议, 以利于创造良 好的 商务环境 , 达到双方各 自预期的目的。
二、 委婉语的交际功能与礼貌原则
要集中在词汇层次, 如用pass w ay来代替die。 事实上, 通过语法
参考文献 :
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延期的要求将不予考虑 。
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的只有一个 :用适当的方式帮助学生掌握一定的学习策略 , 不
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都有相互合作、 求得交际成功的愿望, 为此, 人们要遵守一些 诸如真实、 关联、 清楚等原则和准则。这就是所谓的‘ 合作原 则”(何 自 1997) 。委婉语虽然违反了交际中的质的原则, ’ 然,

委婉语在商务信函中的应用

委婉语在商务信函中的应用

委婉语在商务信函中的应用1 前言商务信函的写作需要注意诸多细节,其中委婉语是很重要的一环。

委婉语的目的是在转述直接信息的同时,避免给对方造成不良的情感或反应,从而保持双方良好的合作关系。

本文将详细介绍委婉语在商务信函中的应用及其相关技巧。

2 常见的委婉语在商务信函中,常见的委婉语有以下几类:2.1 变通委婉语变通委婉语是指用温和、客观的态度表示不满意或拒绝,转达你对某事的不同看法,但不会直接否定对方的意见。

例如:- I'm afraid that won't be possible. (恐怕这是不可能的。

)- We appreciate your concerns but unfortunately cannot agree. (我们很感谢您的关注,但很遗憾我们无法同意。

)- I can see your point, but I am afraid that it is impossible at present. (我可以理解你的观点,但恐怕现在无法实现。

)2.2 委婉拒绝语委婉拒绝语是指用礼貌的语气向对方传达自己无法达成对方要求的信息。

例如:- I'm sorry, but we are unable to meet your request atthis point. (很抱歉,但我们现在无法满足你的要求。

)- I regret to inform you that we cannot accommodate your request. (很遗憾,我们无法满足你的要求。

)- While we appreciate your interest, we are not in a position to assist you with your request. (虽然我们很感谢你的兴趣,但我们无法帮助你解决这个问题。

)2.3 拟议型委婉语拟议型委婉语是指提出建议或意见时,使用比较礼貌的语气。

商务英语函电中的委婉语使用策略商务英语论文

商务英语函电中的委婉语使用策略商务英语论文

商务英语函电中的委婉语使用策略,商务英语论文【内容摘要】本文从词汇、语法两个方面归纳分析了商务英语中的委婉策略,从而帮助学习者“深入字里行间”以求最充分理解和欣赏商务英语的委婉表达方式。

随着我国市场经济的确立,对外经济贸易往来日益频繁。

商场犹如战场,但商战毕竟不是打仗。

在促销产品、吸引客户、扩大市场的过程中,商家运用的武器不是大刀长矛,更不是飞机大炮,而是热情友好的礼遇,委婉客气的话语,措辞得当的函电或谨慎严密的条款,从而形成了商贸英语的一个鲜明特色。

为了树立尽可能完美的企业形象,最大限度地给客户以信任和满意,商务人员无论是在函电和文字表达中,还是在商务洽谈协商中,常借助于委婉语和委婉表达方式这一重要的修辞手段,礼貌、含蓄、委婉、得体地表达自己的观点或愿望,提出请求或建议,以利于创设良好的商务环境,达到交易双方各自预期的目的。

委婉语和委婉表达法在商务英语中应用十分广泛,几乎涉及到商业活动的各个领域和交易过程的各个环节。

以国际贸易为例,从开始建立联系的询价、报价、报盘、还盘到装运、保险、资信调查、货款支付等,都会使用大量的委婉表达方式。

汉语的委婉表达法,主要采用词汇手段,如用“您”、“贵”等尊称对方,用“请”表示请求或建议,用“是否”“能否”“可否”等弱化疑问语气。

英语中的委婉表达方式除了采用委婉词语外,还大量使用时态、语态、语气和句型等语法变化形式;与汉语相比,商务英语中的委婉表达法,形式更为多样,方法更为灵活。

本文从词汇、语法两个方面归纳分析了商务英语中的委婉策略,从而帮助学习者“深入字里行间”以求最充分理解和欣赏商务英语的委婉表达方式。

一、词汇法1. 动词在业务洽谈表达主观意见或看法的过程中,通常可采用“think”、“ hope”、“ regret”、“ please”等动词,使表达的观点或提出的要求,不那么主观和武断,语气委婉,但观点鲜明,语意明确。

如:1) . We regret very much that it is necessary to complain about the nun - delivery of the 10 ,000 tons of sugar under contract Bc23. (抱怨)我们很遗憾必须就第23 号10 ,000 吨食糖合同不交货一事提起申诉。

商务英语函电中委婉语的功能与运用

商务英语函电中委婉语的功能与运用

(二)礼貌
不仅能准确表达意图,还必须礼貌、周全、令人愉悦。因
交际中委婉与经常被用来避免冒犯与无礼。比如
此,委婉语的应用在商务函电的写作中显得尤为重要。 贫穷,用 needy 替代 poor,黑人的表达从侮辱性的 Negro
一、商务英语函电的特点
到 the black,再到 African America,委婉的运用一步步
[关 键 词] 商务英语函电;委婉语;功能;运用
[中图分类号] H313
[文献标志码] A
[文章编号] 2096-0603(2018)18-0194-02
委婉语是一种语言艺术,也是一种常见的交流手段, 免引起不快和反感,英语中创造了针对生理和身体弱点
它用令人舒服轻松的语句来替代令人不快甚至可能引 的委婉语,如,不用 ugly(丑陋)而用 ordinary looking(长
Lading 提 单),P/L (Packing List 装 箱 单),S/C(Sales 免发生。为了达到最好的沟通效果,委婉语的大量使用
Contract 销售合同),P/I(Profoma Invoice 形式发票)等。 成为外贸函电写作的一个最ourtesy 礼 婉表达主要通过语音手段、语法手段、句法手段来实现。
According to what has been agreed upon in the Sales Contract,you should ship the goods before end of may and we don’t allow partial shipment and transshipment. (主动)
作者简介:余雅(1971—),女,汉族,湖南长沙人,英语语言文学硕士,副教授,研究方向:商务英语、高职英语教学。

浅析委婉语在商务英语信函中的应用【文献综述】

浅析委婉语在商务英语信函中的应用【文献综述】

文献综述英语浅析委婉语在商务英语信函中的应用一、前言部分(说明写作的目的,介绍有关概念,扼要说明有关主题争论焦点)本文写作的目的也比较明确,就是阐述委婉语在商务英语信函中的应用,以使商务人员在商务英语信函中能正确使用委婉表达,以达到很好的效果,最终能帮助完成交易。

委婉语的产生是从禁忌开始的,当时的宗教禁止使用某些词汇,对神灵的崇拜,对自然现象的不解,还有对那些人们不愿意说出禁忌的事物,而又不得不指明时,委婉语便随之产生了。

如用the Thunder来婉称古希腊神话中的最高统治者Zeus 和罗马神话中的最高统治者Jupiter,用Holy One(圣者),the Savior(救世主),Our Father(圣父),the Almighty(万能者)来婉称上帝。

英国维多利亚时代有很多语言拘谨古板,这个时候就创造了很多委婉语。

如用unmentionable代替trousers,用nurse代替bre ast-feed等等.在18,19世纪时,随着英帝国的扩张,英国语言模式传播到世界上的各个国家,各个地区。

委婉语是社会心理在语言中的反映,不同时代反映出不同时代的社会心理状态。

总结说来,委婉语产生的社会心理基础有三个:一是“避讳”,委婉语源于禁忌语。

在人类文明点早期,由于生产力水平低下,因为他们无法抗拒天灾人祸,生老病死,所以他们迷信鬼神,有关鬼神的话语在那个时候都是禁忌。

虽然委婉语有很长的历史,但他的避讳功能对现代生活甚至是将来的生活仍起作用,因为某些禁忌观念在人们的脑海中已经根深蒂固了。

二是“礼貌”。

“礼貌”就是对不雅之事进行回避,大量有关性,排泄,女性月经,怀孕,分娩,等都是难等大雅之堂的,所以只能用委婉语来表达。

三是“掩饰”。

掩饰主要是委婉语在政治生活中的社会心理基础。

政客们利用委婉语的模糊性质来伪装,粉饰事实,达到掩饰他们丑闻丑事的效果。

如20世纪初,西方劳资关系紧张,罢工成了严重的社会矛盾,但报社却称“劳资争端”为industria l dispute,“劳资关系”为industrial relation.委婉语的讲解和解释必然离不开对礼貌原则的诠释,在此,本文对礼貌原则也进行了粗略的介绍。

商务英语中的委婉表达分析

商务英语中的委婉表达分析

商务英语中的委婉表达分析从委婉语功能出发,分析了商务信函和商务洽谈中的委婉表达及其翻译,从而论证委婉表达法不仅是商贸用语的重要组成部分,也是商家在竞争中赢得客户的一个不可小窥的重要手段。

标签:委婉语;功能;商务函电;商务洽谈委婉语是人类使用语言过程中的一种普遍现象,它不仅是一种社会语言现象,更是一种文化现象。

不管是在日常生活还是在涉外交际中,我们都要进行语言交流。

由于某些生活习惯或习俗差异,以及不同文化背景的社会具有不同的忌讳,我们必须学会使用委婉语以避免尴尬或不愉快。

所以只有了解委婉语在不同背景、不同环境下的使用方式,才能达到成功的交际目的。

委婉语可以反映出各种各样的社会心理,从而也体现出了委婉语的各种社会交际功能。

委婉语在各个领域都有广泛的应用,它对于我们学好英语,进行有效的跨文化交际有很大的帮助。

1 委婉语的交际功能1.1 避讳功能由于人类对于某些事物或现象的恐惧,在语言表达时不愿言、不敢言,但有时又不得不表达出某种意思,于是人们便学会用委婉语来代替。

例如各个民族中对于“死”的说法都有各自的委婉语。

讲英语的国家的人们和许多民族一样,忌讳直接说。

英语中的“死”也有多种表达形式。

人们常用“去了”(to pass away),“分别”(to depart), “离开了我们”(to leave us), “最后一觉”(final sleep),得到安息(to have found rest)等词来代替说某人“死了”(to die)。

1.2 避俗功能语言是进行思想交流的工具。

人们在进行交流时,会因时、因地、因人、因事而不便直接表达自己的意思,比如说人体的某些部位(如生殖器)、性行为、大小便、生育等等,如果直言不讳地表达,往往会让人感觉很不舒服,受话者也会觉得对方很粗俗,没涵养。

所以,英语中就产生了很多委婉的表达来化解这种尴尬。

除了眼泪以外,所有身体排泄物的词汇都被认为是禁忌语。

“男厕所”(Men’s lavatory)被称Gent’s, the John, the washroom;“女厕所”(Women’s lavatory)被称作Lady’s, Mrs. Jones。

商务谈判中的英语委婉语的运用及其表达方法

商务谈判中的英语委婉语的运用及其表达方法

商务谈判中的英语委婉语的运用及其表达方法Example:- Good morning/afternoon/evening. Thank you for agreeing to meet with me today.2. Soften demands or refusals: When making requests or refusing an offer, it is important to use gentle language to avoid appearing aggressive or confrontational. Use expressions that show flexibility and willingness to negotiate.Example:- I understand your perspective, but I was wondering if we could possibly explore alternative options.- Would you consider adjusting your proposal slightly to better align with our needs?Example:- I would like to propose an alternative solution to the issue at hand. How would you feel about...?- It might be beneficial for both parties if we were to consider...Example:- It seems to me that there might be some room for adjustment in our offer.- It may be worth considering the possibility of revising our terms.Example:- I believe that by working together, we can achieve both our objectives.6. Use conditional language: Utilize conditional statements to present options and possibilities rather than making direct statements or demands. This allows for a more flexible and open discussion.Example:- If we were able to find a middle ground, would you be open to considering our proposal?。

商务英语信函中委婉语的应用研究

商务英语信函中委婉语的应用研究

过本文的分析,笔者希望能够促进读者对短篇小说《逃离》中人物性格和人物关系的认识,并为相关研究提供一点参考。

E1结语作为诺贝尔文学奖的得主,艾丽丝•门罗在语言驾驭上的艺术得到了文学界的肯定,她的《逃离》也受到了读者们的喜爱。

本文在系统功能语法的视角下,对短篇小说《逃离》中三位主人公对话中的情态量值进行了分析,希望能为理解该短篇小说提供一个新视角。

本文分析了短篇小说《逃离》中三位主人公在对话中情态动词的使用以及情态量值,短篇小说中三位主人公的对话是符合人物身份以及小说背景的,并且克拉克夫妇在逃离前后的对话也体现出了夫妻关系由缺乏交流的紧张到交流融洽的明显转变。

由此,更加深了读者对该作品的理解。

52e s fe a c h e rs ©1 6 3 .c o mRb o z z do^5 8 9 9 28 7 1 5 6 9 0 9參考文献[1]HALLIDAY MAK.An introduction to functionalgrammar[M].London:Edward Arnold,1994.⑵MUNRO A.Runaway[M].New York:Vintage,2005.[3]康晶.人际意义中的情态量值分析一以戏剧《威尼斯商人》中的人物对话为例LJL文学研究,2013(5):32-35.[4]康俊英•情态和语气系统的人际意义一以《看不见的日本人》中的对话为例[J].山西师大学报,2012(6):150-155.[5]李战子.话语的人际意义研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004.(责任编辑:张媛媛赵雪纯)委豔器韻需究□李淑萍刘艳昆明理工大学【摘要]商务信函是经济领域内的一种重要交际手段,在商务场合中发挥重要的作用。

委婉语作为一种特殊的语言形式,其在商务英语信函中的正确使用使得说话人能简洁、委婉、得体地表达意见或看法,最后达到交易双方预期的目的。

本文分析了委婉语在商务英语信函中应用的语法手段以及因中西文化差异引起的问题,并根据上述问题提出了针对性的策略。

浅谈委婉语在商务函电中应用

浅谈委婉语在商务函电中应用

浅谈委婉语在商务函电中应用浅谈商务英语函电中委婉语的功能摘要:随着我国改革开放的进一步深入,全球经济一体化进程的发展,我国与世界各国之间的交流也日益频繁,商务函电在国际贸易中的重要性也日益显著,而委婉语的使用在商务英语函电中是一种普遍的现象。

本文通过概括商务函电中的委婉语的用法,分析商务函电中委婉语的功能。

关键词:商务英语; 委婉语; 函电Abstract: With the deepening of China’s reform and opening up and the development of economic globalization, the communication between our country and the rest of the world is becoming increasingly frequent, and business letters play a more and more important role in international trade. The use of euphemisms in business letters is a common phenomenon. This paper analyses the functions of euphemisms in business letters on the basis of summarizing the usages of euphemisms.Key words: Business English; Euphemism; Business letters一、引言自从加入WTO以来,我国与世界英语国家的商务交流日趋频繁,商务函电的运用也越来越频繁。

委婉语是人们进行语言交际活动时的一种“润滑剂”。

使用委婉语,商界人士委婉、间接地陈述自己的意见和愿望,提出要求,创造出一种平等友好,共同协商的商务环境,有助于建立合作双方诚信稳定的商务关系,最终实现产品的促销和市场的拓展。

委婉语在商务英语中的应用

委婉语在商务英语中的应用

委婉语在商务英语中的应用在商务交往中,语言交流扮演着至关重要的角色。

为了维护良好的人际关系,避免冲突,有时我们需要采用一些委婉的语言表达自己的观点或要求。

委婉语在商务英语中的应用广泛,具有重要的现实意义。

委婉语是一种人们在交流中使用的温和、间接的语言表达方式,目的是为了避免直接或冒犯他人。

其主要特点包括:语境性:委婉语往往需要根据具体语境来理解,在商务英语中,需要根据不同的场合和交流对象来选择适当的委婉语。

目的性:使用委婉语的目的是为了实现某种交际目的,如表达不满、提出请求等。

接触者导向:委婉语的使用需要考虑交流对象的需求和感受,以避免冒犯或伤害对方。

合同与协议:在合同和协议中,为了避免双方产生不必要的分歧,往往需要使用一些委婉语来表达具体要求。

例如,“我们希望贵方能在合同签订后尽快支付定金。

”商务信件与邮件:在商务信件和邮件中,为了保持礼貌和职业形象,人们通常会使用委婉语来表达自己的观点或要求。

例如,“我们非常感谢您的时间和努力,但是很遗憾未能达到预期目标。

”会议与谈判:在会议和谈判中,使用委婉语可以缓和气氛,拉近双方距离。

例如,“我们非常重视您的意见,希望能听到更多您的看法。

”表达观点:在商务英语中,有时需要表达不满或批评,但直接表达可能会伤害对方感情。

这时,使用委婉语能够更好地传达观点,例如,“我们注意到最近的产品质量有所下降。

”缓解压力:在紧张的谈判或冲突中,使用委婉语可以缓解气氛,例如,“我们理解您方的立场,希望能找到双方都能接受的解决方案。

”增强亲和力:在商务英语中,使用委婉语能够拉近与对方的距离,建立良好的关系,例如,“非常感谢您的支持和合作,期待未来有更多的合作机会。

”请求(Request):我们希望贵方能提供更多关于产品的信息。

反对(Objection):我们对您的计划有一些反对意见。

赞成(Agreement):我们对您的建议表示赞成。

委婉语在商务英语中具有广泛的应用背景和重要现实意义。

商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译【毕业论文】.doc

商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译【毕业论文】.doc

(20 届)英语商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译Euphemistic Expressions in Business English and TheirTranslation随着国际贸易的不断发展,商务英语作为一种特定的专门用途英语,也越来越重要。

为了建立良好的商务环境,树立尽可能完美的形象,给客户以满意和信心,达到预期的目的和效果。

因此商务英语屮的的委婉表达及其翻译是非常重要的。

本文介绍丫委婉语的定义、特征,以及交际功能,并从词汇、语法两个方面归纳分析了商务英语中的委婉表达方式,论文最后提出Y直译法、意译法和移植法三种翻译策略。

希望人们从屮丫解更多关于商务英语屮的委婉表达及其翻译的知识,并使这些知识服务于我国与各国的商务往来。

关键词:商务英语;委婉表达;翻译AbstractWith the development of international trade, Business English has become more and more important as a specially appointed English for Specific Purposes. In order to establish a good business environment, and establish a perfect image of as much as possible to give customers satisfaction and confidence in each of the parties to achieve the intended purpose of trade. This thesis first introduces the difinitions,characteristics and communicative functions of euphemism. The euphemistic expressions in business English are then analysed from lexical and grammatical prospectives. Finally three translation strategies are proposed: literal translation,free translation, transplanting. It is hoped that people can get more knowledge about translation of euphemism in business English and can make use of this knowledge to serve for foreign trade of our country.Key words:Business English; Euphemism ; TranslationContentsAbstract ......................................................................................................................................... I I1Introduction (1)1J Definition and Classification of Euphemism (1)1.2Characteristics of Euphemism (2)2Communicative Functions of Euphemism (2)The Function of Taboo (3)The Function of Politeness (4)The Function of Disguise (5)The Function of Elegance (5)3The Expression Forms of Euphemism inBusiness English (6)The Lexical Approach (6)Noun (6)Verb (7)Adverb (7)3J.4 Preposition and Preposition Phrase (7)()The Grammatical Approach (8)()Past Tense (8)()Passive Voice (8)33ood•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••t1•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••參•••••••••••••••••••• 104The Translation Strategies of Euphemism in Business English (10)si•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 114.2Free Translation (11)4.3Transplanting (12)5Conclusion (12)Bibliography (14)Acknowledgements (15)IntroductionlJ Definition and Classification of EuphemismEuphemisms have existed throughout recorded history. In early English poetry the heroes did not literally "die", but euphemistically "lay” or "fall"(George H.McKnight, 1923:268). Similar feature of language is familiar in modern language: ” we will have to let you go” replaces"you*re fired" in English;‟1人寿保险‟‟(life insurance) replaces "死亡保险"(insurance that is paid when you die) in Chinese. These are typical example of verbal euphemisms, namely, euphemisms in a narrow sense.Classification of euphemism is well manifested in the various definitions of euphemism, which reveal the nature, and the characteristics of euphemism from different perspectives.Euphemism, one rhetoric term in English,is "Euphemismos” in ancient westerm rhetoric. It is usually used ‟‟to pre serve decency when referring to unpleasant things n(Vickers,1988:407). In current English dictionaries,euphemisms are defined as follow:(1)"substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered blunt oroffensive".(2)‟‟word,etc. used in place of one avoided as e.g. offensive,indecent, oralarming‟‟.There are also other definitions:"Substituting an inoffensive or pleasant term for a more explicit,offensive one,therebyveneering the truth by using kind words.n(Nearman et al,1990:1 )H the conveying of a harsh or an unpleasant truth gently."(Zeiger,1978:355)All the euphemisms can be divided into two groups: conventionalized euphemisms and non-conventionalized euphemisms. The differences between these two groups lie in that those non-conventionalized euphemisms strongly depend on the particular context,and their rhetoric function may disappear or impossible to understand without the context while the conventionalized euphemisms have already been accepted so well that they are somewhat like idioms and people can understand them without referring to a particular context. For example, we all know what toilet means when one says he wants to go to the toilet. But in this sentence: ’’我浑身颤抖了一下,我害怕,我父亲会不会也打发我去'享福’ .We can hardly drag out the meaning of the euphemism ‟‟享福’’ without reading the sentence: ••哭啥子奥,死了,还不享福去了!"in the context.The thesis mainly deals with the translation of verbal euphemism because of its wider application and closer relationship with translation study. So the word ‟‟euphemism” in the following thesis refers specificallyto verbal euphemism.(1)Characteristics of EuphemismThe meaning of euphemisms cannot be understood if we take a direct inference to the object that the language refers to.It is the conversational implications conveyed by the language,taking such elements as the speakers and the contexts into consideration. When we come into a euphemism, we should not only understand what it refers to superficially but also understand the implied meaning and purpose generated from the context,or the environment. Euphemism is also active and elegant. To distinguish euphemisms from other figures of speech, we should judge whether the original expression is about sex,religion,crime,death, darkness, violence,mental health,excretion,fatal diseases etc. Which often embarrasses both the speakers and the listeners and as a result are often avoided. The mild substitution are not embarrassing and are intentionally avoided by the speakers. It is obvious that euphemism has the following characteristics:(1)Substitution is the base of producing euphemism;(2)An euphemism has two levels of meaning: a surface meaning and a deepmeaning, and the real meaning is the deep meaning;(3)Euphemisms are mild expressions which can alleviate the harshness of theoriginal expressions and can cover some of the original purposes of thespeaker.(Wang Dechun 2001:98)Communicative Functions of EuphemismLanguage communication is an important way to maintain the social relationship among human beings. The use of euphemism avoids causing the unpleasantness of two communicative sides and damaging their relationship. Based on the implication of euphemism, the paper mainly explores the functions of taboo, politeness, disguise and elegance, which is helpful for our conscious and correct language use in business English.The Function of TabooIn the Anglo-Saxon countries,people widely believed in God. Out of fear of God,they dared not directly maintain the name of Lord God (Jehoval),so a lot of euphemisms came into being,for example: theAlmighty,the Supreme Being, Holy one,the Eternal,the creator, the maker,the Savior,the Lord of Lords,the King of Kings.In the early human society, science underdeveloped, people can not know and explain the natural phenomena,so they always feel terrified with a mystery.n Death” is a taboo in a lot of countries,so people produce some euphemisms.For example:"pay one's debt to nature"--••还对自然的债务”‟‟go west‟‟--‟‟归丙""sleep the final sleep"--"睡最后一觉"‟‟be called to God"--"到上帝那儿去报到""go to heaven"--"去天堂""breathe the one's last"—"最后一次呼吸""pass away”--"永别了n"sleep with one's fathers"--‟‟与父亲睡在一起"” go to glory”--”去荣耀•’In addition, things related to death are beautified. For example ‟‟coffin” is replaced by ‟‟box” ;"grave-yard •‟ is replaced by "sleeping place‟‟;n funeral”is replaced by "memorial service‟‟.The Function of PolitenessPoliteness is the human civilization's tag. Politeness principle is an important principle in human society. In communication,people always pay attention to politeness to other people for avoiding conflict. There are many aspects about politeness function.Profession is a sensitive topic in society. According to Chinese‟s idea, all professions are equal. But as the manual worker or service personal,they don‟t like to hear the name of their prof ession by other people. So they choose a better name instead of them.For example:‟‟waiter,waitress"…n dinning-room attendants”H maid H—"domestic”‟‟garbage collector” ---H sanitary engineer”n scretary H ---H administrative assistant‟‟n harlot n…M street girl n or "member of the oldest profession11‟‟cook、-- "chef*‟‟housewife” --- "domestic engineer”Privation and unemployment are also sensitive topics in society. In communication, everyone wants to get respect from the other side. Even though people are poor,they would be angry when they discuss privation or about connection things. For example, in Chinese, people always say n手头紧"or "临时周转不灵” or "经济上有些困难” to mean "they are short of money”. In English, "penniless” is replaced by "out of pocket”;"poor” is replaced by ‟‟needy”;‟‟poor people” is replaced by ‟‟underprivileged people‟‟ or "to be down on one's luck' Unemployment is a common phenomenon, and people don‟t like to talk about it directly. So ‟‟unemployed workers” are replaced by "welfare workers H; "dismis s” is replaced by ‟‟lay off ‟‟in communication.When they speak of relieving the bowels,they use ‟‟ go to washroom‟1,"go to W.C.n,‟‟answer nature‟s call‟‟ . If you say H I have to go to the toilet.” when talking with others, that is very impolite. We shoul d say ‟‟May I leave the room?‟‟ or H Fm going to do my business.” There are other examples: Unfortunately we cannot meet your needs because you failed to send your check.We shall be glad to meet your needs as soon as we receive your check.In case (1),the tone is very abrupt,too direct; while in case (2),the euphemistic tone is much more polite. In addition, the politeness function emphasizes the sake of more for each other.()The Function of DisguiseIn English, euphemism is used to disguise some grave society problem, such as privation and crime. There are some examples:2.1‟‟in debt” …H cash advance11 or H in difficulties2.2‟‟unemployed mother” ---M welfare mother”2.3‟‟striking” …"industrial action” or ‟‟industrial dispute‟‟2.4‟‟economic recession” …"period of economic adjustment‟‟At present, crime rate is particularly high, so there are many related euphemisms, especially juvenile delinquency. For example, ‟‟delinquent1‟ is replaced by "problem children”. We can not say that their childrenare thrown in jail,otherwise they will be unhappy. So we can say that the children are in the set-up center. And the other parlance is that they enjoy the government‟s expenses. International relation‟s choice of words are more cautious,if we say that they are "poor and backward coun tries‟‟,both sides‟ relation will sink into impasse. Even though they are underdeveloped countries,they will be unhappy. But we use ‟‟developing countries‟‟ and "emerging countries”,they will feel better.()The Function of Elegance‟‟Using neutral or commendatory word to replace derogatory word or sentence's the euphemism‟s elegance function. In the Eastern and Western culture, some about disease,death, human excretion, the Health and body parts, sex, body shape and other things related to taboo, are often considered to be vulgar,indecent. So people will not bear to say that things directly, through the song words, taboo and the other meanings to beautify or dilute them, so that they are more gentle. English euphemism is a best case. Such as,"hairdresser is re placed by ‟‟beautician”;‟‟press man” is replaced by "press operator”.People always use the euphemism properly to avoid awkwardness, unhappyness,disgust. The use of euphemism is not only to win the other side enough reputations,but also reflects the speak er‟s status,graceful bearing. The use of elegant and subtle language is a kind of aesthetic needs of the people as well as the civilization needs.The Expression Forms of Euphemism in Business EnglishEuphemism expressions are commonly used in business correspondence and business negotiation. Which is not only a social language phenomenon, but it is also a cultural phenomenon. Business English has its own unique style, usual format, the professional vocabulary and expressions.Because the customer is their God. Euphemism implication is widely in business English, hardly penetrate every link of business affairs. For example,in international trade, establishing trade relations, inquiry, offer, counter offer, repulse,credit information, proforma invoice (P/I),order goods, shipping,insurance, and so on,they exist in everywhere. Expression skills are flexible and ingenious. By making an analysis of euphemistic expressions used in business correspondences and business negotiations,it mainly discusses the fulfillment of euphemistic expressions in business English through the following four ways: the subjunctive mood, passive voice,past tense, tactful negative. So the business personnel can fully understand and appreciate the euphemistic expressions and achieve a success in the business competitions.3.1The Lexical ApproachNounIn business English, people always express negative by noun.‟‟We are extremely sorry for our inability to advance shipment.”This sentence avoid semantic strength consciously, using ‟‟inability” to express "we can not u implicitly. The meaning of "can not” is weakened by the writer,so it is easier to accept for the other party.VerbIn the business negotiation, we can use "think' "hope”,"regret' H please n to express subjective opinions and views. The expressed views and suggested request become not subjective and arbitrary, and the tone is tactful. But the view is distinct,and semantic is clear. There are some examples:1n We regret very much that it is necessary to complain about the non-delivery ofthe 10,000 tons of sugar under contract article 23.”2‟‟ We hope delivery will be made according to schedule.H3” Please make the shipment in May or early as possible.‟•AdverbIn business negotiation or correspondence contract process, it is seem impolite if use the negative word directly to the other party‟s views,request and suggestion . It is easily to cause displeased and dislike for the the other of side. Even it get into trouble with the other side, affect the business‟ negotiation or disruption directly. It go against to establish good trade relations for both sides. So it is often to use one of the adverbs: unfortunately,scarcely, hardly,rather,almost,slightly. And it create the negotiation atmosphere of consultation on the basis of equality. For example:‟‟we appreciated the good quality of your products, but unfortunately your prices appear to be onthe high side even of this quality.”‟‟I am really sorry that our products can hardly satisfy your requirement.‟‟In the second example,"hardly” is the euphemism of ‟‟not' to avoid absolutization.Preposition and Preposition PhraseIn business English, sometimes the preposition and preposition phrase are often used, and the tone of negative would not be clear. So other people feel respected."As some items under your order are beyond our business scope, we can only accept your orderpartially.‟‟"As your counter bid is not up to the present market level,we are sorry that we have to give youa negative reply.”In the first sentence, ‟‟beyond our business scope‟‟ imply the negative.3.2 The Grammatical Approach(1)Past TenseWe sometimes push the time of verb backward in business negotiation and business letters. Such as use the past tense to substitute present tense. So that it can make the tone more politely and make it have more tone of negotiation. At last make it come to business successfully."Enclosed is a feature article from October 23 China daily which I thought you might find ininteresting.”‟‟We wanted to know whether you could effect shipment one month earlier.”"We want to know whether you can effect shipment one month earlier/1"We found the prices of your machines a little bit higher than acceptable.The first sentence, moreover,in order to make the tone tactfully,"hope,wonder,think,want” and s o on,their past tense also express the present tence.The two sentences in case (2),second sentence is easier to accepted by the other side.The third sentence actually mean that: we found the price of your machines are so high that we can not accept. Speaker with comparative sentences, and compared with the a knockout level before to decorate.Among face to face business negotiation and business letters,when we express inquiry, request or express different opinion with the other side, sometimes use“Can you“will you...?‟‟,“I want".‟‟,“I wonder".‟‟,“I am sure.J‟wHl show crude and rude, confirm and absolute on the tone. When use “Could you...?”,“Would you...?”,“ I wanted...‟‟,“I wondered...‟‟,…… I was sure...”,it will become more subjunctive kind, gentle, decent and easily accepted by the other side.(2)Passive VoiceAmong business letters, we should use active voice in many conditions so that can express both opinions about trade explicitly. However,in other conditions, passive voice is adopted to make the toneimplicatively,and avoid aggressive. So it conformed to the characteristic of business English."Upon inspection, it was found that your last shipment is not up to theagreed standard. ” (Wang Hengen 2009:57-59)‟‟You should be informed that the shipment tim e is February or March at our optionand the goods will be shipped in one lot.”‟‟Since it is agreed that we have the right to reject the goods when they are disqualifiedupon examination by China Commodity Inspection Bureau at the port of destination,we regret to inform you that we have to return the goods to you at your expense/"As the date of delivery is approaching,you are requested to expedite theestablishment of the L/C?‟‟As the date of delivery is approaching,we request you to expedite the establishment of the L/C广As well-known to all,active voice emphasizes that it is an executive of actions. And passive voice emphasizes that it is an object of actions. In example three,‟‟to bestressed",‟‟must be effected‟‟,such as ‟‟will not be considered” weaken the executors “we”,“you”. We want emphasize that according to the contract,agreement or the stipulation of obligations and responsibilities prescribed, and thus more accord with international business practices.(3)Subjunctive MoodIn our daily life,people usually use subjunctive to express our opinions. When we request somebody, adverse somebody and persuade somebody, we always use euphemistic and implicative manners. In Business negotiations and business letters, businessmen pay more attention to their tones,and always avoid to expressing directly and positively, and use subjunctive tone to express our opinions,requests or adverse. In this way, they can achieve both purposes in the atmosphere of equality and friendly. Also it will be helpful to establish long term business relationship.n If it were not for the regular orders we receive from a number of our customers, we could not have quoted for supplies even at these price.‟‟n We wish we could lower our price but unfortunately we cannot do so.”‟‟May we su ggest that you make some allowance on you quoted price so as to enable us to introduce your goods to our customers?"H I suggest you make a reduction in price, otherwise, we could hardly go on with ourdiscussion.”Among the above example sentences, because of adverb adopted Subjunctive tone, it eased the tones of both sides when they expressed their opinions, requested something,or confirmed price in the businessnegotiation. Avoided too absolute, leave more space to negotiation, and help to enter into and develop business relationship.(4)Tactful NegativeIn Chinese, people always praise or criticize the nature of things,condition or the behavior of people,personality, appearance gently. If someone‟s appearance is not beautiful, we would use ‟‟ Can‟t say what beautiful' avoiding diction too straight and tone overweight. In business English, this euphemistic expression used in large amounts, in order to make statements view, request or suggestion whether is confirm or deny, agreement or disagreement, praise or criticism becoming more negotiable.For example:‟‟We feel that your quotation is not proper because the price for such material is on the decline at present.”In this sentence, "not proper” mean n improper n,but sounds much more polite,easily accepted by each other.The Translation Strategies of Euphemism in Business EnglishWith the economic globalization and China‟s entrance into WTO, translation of business English is acting a more and more vital role in our economic life. As an important communicative language, euphemistic expression is used frequently in business English .Therefore,it brings practical significance to study translation strategies of euphemistic expression in business English.Euphemism generally have original meaning and euphemistic meaning. Original meaning refer to the begining meaning when the word used in the euphemism, an implicit parlance. Euphemistic meaning refer to taboo content of the replaced word, a meaning of avoiding discussion. So there are three strategies in the translation of euphemism:Literal TranslationIn the English and Chinese, there are a lot of the same or similar euphemism expression. The words should be transliterated when we are translating. We should keep the original text structure form and verve style,simultaneously must deliberate carefully, strive to achieve the proper emotion appraise. Convey the originalmeaning and style faithful. For example:‟‟To open the window and say bright words””打开窗户说亮话”Chinese and English are two different language systems,but they have common attributes between the language. Language is the reflex of culture,and language‟s universality reflect the culture‟s universality. No matter what race, what color,they live in the same world. Their thinking mode,emotional standard and moral standards are coincident,and people‟s opinion to the objective world are also coincident.Free TranslationChinese and English belong to different languages, and the two languages have distinctive characteristics in forms,grammars and behavior habits. As a part of the language,euphemism is different to the same meaning of things because of regional difference, religion,custom and thinking mode. Translation must be considered these difference of aspects, and according to the context requirement use free translation. For example:"bus girr…"餐馆侍者女助手”"criminal lawyer” …”刑事律师n "at theeleventh hour‟‟ ---1•在危急时刻•’The meaning of "bus girl” is n巴士女郎‟‟;the meaning of "criminal lawyer'1 is "犯罪的律师‟‟;the meaning of "at the eleventh hour‟‟ is ” 丨1 点钟” in the beginning.Free translation is not optional translation,and should be avoid breaking away from text‟s content and metaphoric meaning.43 TransplantingTransplanting refer to borrow the original texts words directly. Transplanting has two forms: direct transplanting and transliteration. Direct transplanting refer to using original words directly. Some words transplanted into translation with enunciation; some words have changed enunciation,but they still belong to the category of borrowing from etymology. They are always used in science and technology translation or news media. For example: KTV, DISCO, IQ, EQ,AQ.Transplanting not only remain context‟s form completely,but also remain context‟s culturalcharacteristics.Transliteration is the other form of transplanting. Language is a symbol system. On the one hand,the text‟s symbol has vitality only in their system; on the other hand, they are not changeless,and they could accept eternal words on the certain condition. Chinese and English euphemism‟s mutual translatio n could borrow transliteration to translate some words that they could not be translated by literal translation and free translation. For example:"Sardine” …"沙丁鱼”"Pizza"…”披萨饼”"Champagne" 香槟酒"ConclusionEuphemism,from linguistic point of view, will definitely be widely touched upon as a more welcome way of communication than it is now. Euphemism for emotional communication is both a polite and elegant communicative strategies in international business English, and played the role of lubricant,greatly enhance flexibility and increases the chance of success in the business English.The progress of science, technology and the rapid development of economy, increasingly highlights the importance of international trade. But how we can get the preemptive opportunities in the fierce competition in the international market,a new force suddenly rising, successful business communication activity plays an important role. In the commodity propaganda,creating and expanding the market, foreign trade negotiation and business correspondence intercourse are particularly important. Polite and decent words, implicit expression of euphemism can help enterprise firmly seized commercial opportunities.In business contacts, under the market economy condition of the fierce competit ion ‟euphemism is one of the management guiding principles of business men, and is also one of the important methods to win customer in the competition. Thus,for a career in business and to obtain success in the business world,to understand and study the business English euphemism, its meaning is really cannot be ignored or undervalued.Therefore, in today‟s society,Business English expression of euphemism and its translation are very important. In the commercial activity,if expression and translation are improper, maybe it will cause both misunderstanding,down to cooperation failure. In interpersonal communication, everyone want to get other‟s respect,also needed in the business communication. Due attention and efforts should be given to the study of euphemism translation and more work needs to be done into this special filed. This is just an attempt into this filed and hope to shed some light into this special filed.In this paper, I introduced the history and definitions of euphemism, the four functions of euphemism, expression methods of Euphemism, translation stratigies of euphemism. Euphemism and euphemisticexpressions are very extensive in application of business English. Almost involve all fields and commercial activities of transaction process each link. For example,in international trade,from start to establish contact of inquiry,quotation, offer, counter-offer to shipment,insurance, credit investigation,payment etc,can use a large number of euphemistic expressions.BibliographyBaker ,mona .2000. In Other Words: A Course book on Translation [M]. Beijing: ForeignLanguage Teaching and Research Press.Enright ,D.J. 1985. Fair of speech: the Use of Euphemism [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. George H. McKnight. 1923. English Words And Their Background [M]. the United States ofAmerica: D. Appleton and Company.Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics [M|. London: Long man Group Limited. Nearman, J.S. & Silver, C.G.1990. Kind Words . A Thesaurus of Euphemism [M].New York: Facts On.Inc.Vicker ,B .1988. In Defence of Rhetoric [M]. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Zeiger ,A.1978. Encyclopedia of English [M]. New York: Arco Publishing Company.Inc.程洁,1992,国际贸易交际技巧[M ]。

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商务英语信函委婉语认知语用分析信函无论是在日常生活还是在商务交际中,使用委婉语这一语用现象无处不在。

束定芳认为,交际者为了礼貌、自尊或是获得某种暗示效果而使用委婉语[1]。

委婉语是交际者在遵守交际规则的同时,为达到交际目标所采取的特殊语言。

委婉语是交际者根据对方预期进行语言表达上的调整通融,顺利实现交际目标的重要手段。

鉴于其在语言交际中举足轻重的作用,委婉语历来受到语言学家的关注。

委婉语的相关研究日趋成熟,众多研究者从修辞学、语义学、模糊语言学、社会语言学等角度入手,对委婉语进行了分析。

但这些研究往往是静态描述,鲜见对委婉语认知语用机制的探索。

本研究以商务英语信函这一文体为载体,从顺应理论和关联理论的视角探讨委婉语生成和理解的认知语用本质。

该研究有助于读者加深对商务英语信函文体特征以及委婉语语用策略的认识,也对商务英语函电教学的创新与改革具有一定的现实指导意义。

一、理论基础(一)顺应理论顺应理论是由瑞士语言学家Verschueren提出的。

他指出,为实现交际目的,交际者会根据交际语境的变化,灵活选择不同的语言手段。

顺应理论研究交际者应该怎样顺应语境做出语言选择,并探索交际过程中交际者的心理机制?Verschueren认为,选择语言的过程是对语境因素、语言客体的动态顺应,从而产生一定的意识凸显度[2]。

国内学者钱冠连将顺应理论引入中国,并总结了顺应理论所提出的语言的三大特性:变异性、协商性和适应性[3]。

正是由于语言具有这三个特性,语言使用者必须做出有效的选择。

1.变异性变异性是指交际者在使用语言时有诸多的选择,而且这些选择不断变化,不是稳定不变的。

选择的内容不仅包括语言的形式,还包括交际策略。

交际者可以根据交际目的,从这些形式和策略中做出选择。

2.协商性这些选择既不是机械的,也不是根据严格的规则所做出的,使用语言的整个过程就是在灵活原则的指导下,从各种各样的可能性中不断地选择语言形式和策略,所以它一直是可以协商的。

3.适应性适应性是指交际者通过某种可能的、可协商的语言选择来满足交际的需要。

适应性不是不可逆转的,可以根据预先存在的情况做出选择,并且还可以通过做出的选择来改变或调整这些情况。

顺应理论认为交际者根据语境的不断变化而做出语言选择。

语境是语言交际的产物,可分为语言语境和交际语境。

语言语境也叫信道,是指在交际过程中为适应语境而在句法结构、上下文衔接、语言连贯等方面做出的语言选择。

交际语境是与交际双方相关联的物理世界、社交世界和心理世界。

下图为语境顺应关系示意图[2]。

语境由不断被激活的语境因素和客观存在的事物动态生成,随着交际过程的发展而不断发生变化[4]。

交际者要动态顺应不断变化的语言语境和交际语境,才能实现语言交际的目标。

委婉语是交际者为避免尴尬或冒犯对方等情况出现而选择的间接表达方式。

特定的交际语境是产生委婉语的基础,在物理世界、社交世界以及心理世界的相互作用下,委婉语通过语言语境即信道复制和传播。

因此,交际语境对委婉语的选择与使用起到决定性的作用。

(二)关联理论关联理论是由Sperber&Wilson提出的语用学理论,它以认知的视角探究明示推理交际,分析了语言使用者对语言交际的认知过程和话语本身与语境的关联性[5]。

关联理论认为,语言交际是“明示—推理”的认知过程,是交际双方对认知环境再认识和互明的过程。

当交际双方的认知环境中所呈现的假设一致时,会出现认知环境重叠,这种重叠便是双方共同的认知环境。

这个认知环境下的所有假设都是互为显映的。

交际成功与否的关键就在于双方对彼此的认知环境能否相互显映。

说话人依据对受话人的性格、喜好、认知能力等方面的判断,选择合适的语言明示交际意图,而受话人则根据明示进行语言解码,激活关联语境,推理说话人的交际意图。

关联理论认为每个明示性交际行为呈现的假设都应具备最佳关联性,即说话人的明示刺激足以引起受话人的注意,受话人为获得关联语境只需要付出最少的努力。

换句话说,关联理论强调说话人要尽可能站在受话人的角度,选择与当下认知环境最具关联性的语言,使受话人以最少的认知努力取得最佳的交际效果。

关联理论偏重对语言交际的理论分析,强调人类的认知在语言交际中的作用,没有考量人类所处的社会文化环境等因素对交际的影响。

对于使用话语的具体规律,其描述不够充分。

顺应理论注重语言的功能性分析,将语言使用与社会文化各方面因素紧密结合,详细描述话语意义产生的过程和规律,弥补了关联理论在描述上的不足。

但是与关联理论相比,其理论基础不够扎实,因而解释力也较弱。

所以说,分析委婉语的认知语用机制,顺应理论与关联理论各具优势。

二、商务信函委婉语的生成使用委婉语这一语用现象是顺应语境的结果。

委婉语在商务英语信函中被广泛运用,可以说已渗透到外贸业务的各个环节之中。

为了开发目标客户,取得客户的信赖并妥善解决问题纠纷,营造完美的企业形象,写信者通常会顺应对方的情感和心理需求,考虑社会环境、言语行为的准则等因素,婉转含蓄地表达自身的想法与期待,在创造和谐氛围的同时达成预期的目的。

商务信函委婉语的生成是写信者选择语言和交际策略的动态过程。

这种选择并非随意为之,而是在符合双方的物理世界、交际世界或心理世界的前提下,写信者所作出的恰当选择。

(一)对物理世界的顺应物理世界主要包含时间、空间和交际者所处的物理位置等变量。

任何一个变量的变化都会影响语言的选择。

无论是在日常生活还是在商务交际中,出现负面或是消极的信息在所难免,尤其是在还盘、通知涨价、延迟发货、索赔理赔等外贸环节中,出现负面信息的可能性会更大。

开诚布公固然是美德,但容易引发拒绝甚至抱怨、不满等负面行为或情绪,不利于双方的贸易往来。

为了维护和谐友好的商务关系,写信者应该用尽可能委婉的语言,以产生预期的经济效用。

例1中,写信者委婉拒绝了对方所提出的再次延展信用证有效期的请求,理由是客户急需这批机器,正在催促尽早发货。

即使没有客户的催促,写信者作为进口商,同样希望尽早收到货物,实现资金回笼。

但是他没有直接表达自身的急迫或是对收信者一再延迟发货的不满,而是通过wefeelitourdutytoremindyou这样一个委婉的托词使收信者欣然地接受了信用证有效期无法延展这一对其不利的信息,既为收信人自身赢得了时间上的控制权,同时又维系了双方的友好关系,这就是顺应物理世界的一个结果。

(二)对交际世界的顺应讲礼貌是人际交往的一个重要原则,指导人们的言行并影响人际交往的效果。

在国际商务交际中,交易双方的相互尊重既是遵守涉外礼仪规则的表现,也是建立友好业务关系的基础。

在商务英语信函中,写信者通常使用委婉礼貌的语言顺应商务交往的礼仪原则,并尊重、体谅对方的感情,以此营造和谐的交际氛围,避免冒犯他人或让他人难堪。

写信者,即潜在的买方希望得到更大的折扣,但没有直接提出这一要求,而是使用maywesuggest这样的委婉语气,表示出对收信者的礼貌与尊重,给对方留出选择的余地,也为自己保留尊严和面子。

同时站在卖方的立场考虑——如果价格优惠,会有利于卖方开拓本地市场。

由此可见,委婉语作为一种语用策略,在商务交际中起到维系业务关系的作用,是顺应交际世界的语言选择。

(三)对心理世界的顺应根据Verschueren的观点,心理世界包括认知因素和情感因素,主要由交际者的性格、情感、信念、愿望、动机、意图等构成。

语言选择是交际双方顺应心理世界的结果,在日常交际过程中,能否理解说话者表达的潜在意思,在很大程度上取决于对说话者心理世界的预测程度。

就商务英语信函而言,写信者要适应收信者的心理世界。

同时,收信者对写信者意图的理解和诠释,既受其自身心理因素的影响,也受写信者心理因素的影响,收信者要适应写信者的心理世界,做出恰当的理解。

是否使用委婉语,使用何种委婉语以及委婉语的使用程度如何,都取决于写信者的交际愿望和动机,或者说语言的选择反映了写信者的精神世界。

摩擦与冲突在商务交际中不可避免。

但是,写信者不能把负面的情绪和信息直接反馈给收信者,而应该通过语言选择顺应对方的心理世界,也让对方适应自己的心理需求,实现交际双方的相互顺应,尽可能达成预期的交际目标。

例3的写信者首先肯定了对方所做的前期工作,使对方得到尊重和心理认同。

之后通过muchtoourregret委婉提出,由于整套设备最重要的一个部分包装不当,导致整套设备都无法正常使用。

写信者通过委婉语的使用,指出了对方工作失误造成的严重后果,但又不至于令对方过于尴尬,因而致使双方交际陷入僵局。

收信者因为心理认同和歉意,自然会顺应写信者的心理世界。

这样,写信者才能最大限度地为自身赢得利益补偿。

三、商务信函委婉语的理解机制Sperber和Wilson认为交际者的认知具备关联导向性。

委婉语看似表达不够直接明了,但就说话者而言是一种明示行为,受话者通过认知努力可推理出说话者的交际意图。

就商务英语信函而言,写信者通过使用委婉语明示刺激收信者的关联期待,收信者根据语境和明示刺激推理出写信者话语的最佳关联,从而与写信者的交际意图互为显映。

在这封还盘信中,写信者通过regrettosay委婉表示对方报价太高,并以很难说服客户接受此价格以及供货商竞争激烈为明示刺激,收信者有理由认为定价与客户接受程度以及应对激烈竞争具有关联性。

根据明示刺激以及相关语境信息,收信者就会推理出:如果想尽快得到写信者的订单,同时更好地占领市场,应对来自韩国和泰国经销商的激烈竞争,就要适当调整报价。

换言之,收信者认为写信者的请求具有最佳关联性,从而产生了一定的语境效果。

在这封投诉信中,写信者用unsatisfactory委婉表达了货物运输过程中出现的问题,以此缓和投诉语气。

同时又明示已经收到了大客户的正式投诉及退货。

收信者的关联期待就是自身产品在包装和运输环节出现了问题,根据写信者的明示刺激及相关语境,收信者通过推理得出最佳关联,也就是写信者希望我方采取补救措施挽回对方的损失,进而与写信者的交际意图互为显映。

四、结语本研究以真实的商务英语信函为语料,从顺应理论和关联理论的视角分析了委婉语的生成和理解机制。

说话者是在顺应交际双方物理世界、交际世界以及心理世界的基础上做出的语言选择。

而说话者使用委婉语的交际意图通过明示刺激触发受话者的关联期待,使之推理出最佳关联,从而实现交际意图的互为显映。

本研究在一定程度上能帮助学习者了解如何在商务书面交际中更好地使用委婉语达成交际目的,以及如何正确理解对方的交际意图,为学生顺利适应真实工作场景、胜任国际商务岗位工作提供理论指导。

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