第1讲汉英翻译的文化策略(一)分析解析

异化/归化;直译/意译
《迦因小传》(Joan Haste)在十九世纪初最先由 蟠溪子译出。其中有一段迦因未婚先孕的情节， 因为有违中国传统伦理，被略去，因此这部译作， 以及主人公受到读者的广泛欢迎。几年后，林纾 将这部小说全译出来，则主人公被斥为：“淫贱 卑鄙，不知廉耻”，“情界之蟊贼”。前一策略 便是归化，后一策略便是异化。 异化/归化是宏观层次的策略；直译/意译是微观 语言层次的技巧。
Culture and its composition
Edward B. Tylor: Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. (Tylor 1924 [orig. 1871]:1) Edward B. Tylor. 1924. [orig. 1871] Primitive Culture. 2 vols. 7th ed. New York: Brentano's.
To be bilingual, one has to be bicultural. For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualim. 对于成功的翻译来说，双文化水平比双语 言水平更重要。（Nida,2001:82）

Venuti:

In this vein, the deconstructionist Venuti differentiates two strategies in translation: domesticating and百度文库foreignizing. He strongly advocates the resistant foreignizing method and rejects the transparent domestication in opposition to the Anglo-American hegemonic cultural stand

Peter Newmark
The way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to one speech community. Newmark P. 2001. A Textbook of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

It is not surprising that the most serious mistakes in translation are made because of ignorance about the views and values of other culture. 翻译中大部分重要的错误是由于对其他文化的观 点和价值的无知造成的。（Nida,2001:286） Nida. E.A.2001 Language and Culture: Context in Translating. 上外出版社/外教社
Schleiermacher
Schleiermacher(2006/1813) puts forth two methods for translators: Either the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader toward him, or he leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author toward him. Of which he favors the former..

在处理文化因素中的两种策略

1 . 异化(foreignization; alienation)：以源语文化为中心， 以源作者为中心，注意点在于将 源语文化传递给译语读者，以促 进文化的交流。缺点：增加译语 读者理解的难度，阅读的速度、 节奏也会受到影响。

2. 归化(domesticatioin; adaptation)：以译入语文化为 中心，以读者为中心，将源语文 化经过整理，然后以译入语中较 为现成的、熟悉的、易于接受的 形式出现。缺点：丧失了源语的 异国特色。

美国著名翻译理论家尤金· 奈达将语言 文化特性分五类：

1 . Ecology生态学， 2． Material Culture物质文化， 3． Social Culture社会文化， 4． Religious Culture宗教文化， 5． Linguistic Culture语言文化。
文化三层次
文化包括三个层次的内容： (1)物质文化，如建筑物、服饰、食品、工 具等； (2)制度习俗文化，包括制度、法规，以及 相应的设施和风俗习惯等； (3)精神文化，包括价值观念、思维方式、 宗教信仰等，也包括哲学、科学、文学艺 术方面的成就和产品。

The importance of the role of culture in translation
Cultural issues in C-E translatoin
--Strategies and methods(1)
Experience in culture
1.
Please give some examples of culture. 2. Please give some examples of cultural translation.