英语论文分析《曼斯菲尔德庄园》中的女性形象

本科生毕业论文（设计）册
学院 XXX学院
专业英语教育
班级 XXXX级英语教育X班
学生 XXX
指导教师 XXX
XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书
XXXX大学本科毕业论文（设计）任务书
编号：
论文（设计）题目：分析《曼斯菲尔德庄园》中的女性形象
学院： XXX学院专业：英语教育班级： XXXX级英语教育X班
学生姓名： XXX 学号： XXXXXX 指导教师： XXX 职称：XX
1、论文（设计）研究目标及主要任务
本论文的研究目标是对《曼斯菲尔德庄园》中的女性人物进行分析。

其主要任务是通过分析《曼斯菲尔德庄园》中的女性人物，了解小说表现出的维多利亚时期女性的生存及思想状态。

2、论文（设计）的主要内容
本论文分为三章，第一章介绍漫画式的正统老一代形象，第二章介绍个性张扬的都市新一代形象，最后一章介绍特立独行的女主人公形象。

3、论文（设计）的基础条件及研究路线
本论文的基础条件是国内外对《曼斯菲尔德庄园》所做过的研究。

研究路线是对《曼斯菲尔德庄园》中的女性人物进行分析，分析她们的生存与心理状态。

4、主要参考文献
Edward, W. Said. 1994. Culture and Imperialism. Vintage Press.
Jane, Austen. 1816. Mansfield Park. London: Greenwich Park
Xia, Yanhua 夏延华. 《情人誓言背后的真情与假意──〈曼斯菲尔德庄园〉的复调解析》（《长春理工大学学报》2010年第6期）
Zhang, Danan张丹丹.《倔强的灵魂-略论奥斯丁的女权主义思想》（《当代文坛》2001年第3期）
教师：年月日
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注：一式三份，学院（系）、指导教师、学生各一份
XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）评议书
Literature review
Mansfield Park was written by Jane Austen after she had published Sense and Sensibility (1811) and Pride and Prejudice (1813). It did improve Jane‟s progress.
The studies of Jane Austen loom so large in west literature. As early as in 1812, when Jane first put her work in public, study about her work had sprung. At that time, Scott wrote the first counted critical paper, An Unnamed about Emma, which gave an impersonal comment. Since then studies about Jane Austen came in a throng. In the research perspective, the western scholars had a variety of opinions and constantly developed a multi-level connotation of Jane‟s work. Those who from the perspective of feminism and ecological criticism, considered that Jane‟s work showed a distinctive view of feminism and worry and concern of ecology; who from the perspective of post-colonialism analyses the influence of English colonial expansion upon Jane‟s work and reflect in her writing; who from the perspective of psychology unscrambled Jane‟s theme of the works; who from the perspective of creative techniques discussed Jane‟s irony in her productions; who from the perspective of reality and nature analyses Jane‟s creative techniques. All of that made contributions to a more deep understanding of Jane‟s works.
Attentions from Chinese Literary Translation and Foreign Literature Studies rose at about in 1980s. Before 1980s, lots of critics commented that Jane‟s life was narrow and theme was trivial, so Jane didn‟t get a due attention. Zhu Hong is China‟s earlier attention to Austen scholar, who compiled Austen Research in 1985, which did a comprehensive introduction of Austen and her works and opened a window for Chinese scholars to understand and study of Austen. Meanwhile, Kong Haili, Jin Guojia, Lou Chenghong had also translated some foreign critics of Austen‟s article in Literary Theory. All of that had made the 1980s became a little climax for study of Austen. In 1990s, especially since 2000, Jane Austen and her works had become a hotspot in the literature translation and foreign literature research. Jane Austen's work has been made into movies, TV drama,The domestic press, such as the Yilin press, Shanghai Translation Publishing House, Nanjing University press, launched the Jane
Austen's novels, essays, comments set, research results are more and more.Kong Zhili seriously and comprehensively translated all the works of Jane Austen. There are also other translators who have made a great contribution to the spread of Austen's works in China. There are Zi Pei, Xiang Xingyao, Kong Zhili, Xi Yuqing, Su Dan, Li Yeyi and Zhang Yunlu who have translated Mansfield Park.
The Jane Austen researchers think, Mansfield Park got a major breakthrough in the psychological description and narrative skill, and it is “a milepost” in the history of the British novel.This work was written after Jane Austen had experienced two major historical changes. In the works reflected the old aristocratic territory gradually invaded by the new bourgeoisie nobility.This is also Jane Austen‟s first work reflecting the times background at that time.It makes Austen become a more mature female writer.Researches on the Mansfield Park were mainly from fine cut-in point such as the study of language features, the image of Fanny, the structure and spirit connotation, imperialist feelings, moral value judgment, connotation of location, post-colonial cultural criticism, temporal and spatial extension, drama in the novel, , social and historical connotation, polyphony performance, absence of narrative to talk about. Papers about this novel includes Fu Wenping‟s …analyze Jane Austen‟s art of fiction in Mansfield Park’, which focused on the grasp of the value of Austen characters, plot in the works, up to the whole structure, shape a perfect moral world. Lei Yun‟s …Fanny Price‟s spiritual image: woman‟s self - shaping and self-realization in Mansfield Park, which adopted the perspective of feminism, through the analysis of woman‟s self - shaping and self-realization in Mansfield Park, put up with that Fanny, the heroine in the novel, as a female image with rich spiritual, condensate Jane Austen‟s unique insights on the value of women and female influence. Then it pointed out that this novel got enlightenment significance to the contemporary women seeking self-liberation. Song Xiaohan‟s …the new female image in Mansfield Park’,through the analysis of Fanny,proved that Jane Austen air the voice of feminism in the works and deeply questioned that British social prejudice against women at that time. Zheng Ke‟s …Definition and mood variation identity─the analysis of Fanny in Mansfield Park’, through the definition of Fanny's identity to analyze her mood variation,
further explained that Fanny's ethics code and language expression is affected by the different identity. Lin Wenchen‟s …as I read Mansfield Park’, by Fanny and Mary‟s contradictory love and marriage consciousness,reproduced the rational and emotional consciousness in love and the extremely contradictory condition to reveal the significance and value. She thought that Jane Austen was an artist who wrote life from description of life, and her novel value lies in its perceptual representation of the contradictions of life which the writer are most concerned about.
So far, feminist research on Mansfield Park is mostly on her marriage, money concept in the work, while it is still a blank about the female consciousness reflected by the female characters in Mansfield Park. In shaping the image of women, what role does female consciousness play? What areas did the unique female consciousness embody in?This article will analyze Mansfield Park from the perspective of female consciousness in order to answer the above questions.
编号：
本科生毕业论文
题目：分析《曼斯菲尔德庄园》中的女性形象
姓名：XXX
班级：XXXX级X班
指导老师：XXX
专业：英语教育
院系：XXX学院英语系
完成日期：XXXX年5月8日
On Female Image in Mansfield Park
BY
XXXX
Prof. XXXX, Tutor
A Thesis Submitted to Department of English
Language and Literature in Partial
Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of B.A in English
At XXXXX University
May 8th, XXXX
Abstract
Mansfield Park, as a work in the transition period of Jane Austen, has a great effect. This novel had complex plots. There were a lot of unexpected events in it. It had a heavy irony in the lines. It represented the artistic thought and achievement of Jane Austen.
Through a close reading of Mansfield Park, explore the female characters in the novel embodied in the female consciousness; learn about the contribution of Jane Austen to establish a tradition of female writing.
Besides "Introduction" and "conclusion", the body of the paper is divided into three parts.
The introduction part introduces Jane Austen‟s status in the history of literature; the social environment and her psychological state when she wrote Mansfield Park; the purpose and significance of the research. The main part analyzes different women embodied in the female consciousness in the novel from three aspects as the image of the old orthodox comic female, the image of the young open citizen and the image of the maverick heroine. The conclusion part summarizes the analysis the female consciousness of the female image in the novel, highlight the Mansfield Park role.
Key words: female image orthodox open maverick
摘要
《曼斯菲尔德庄园》作为简·奥斯丁转型时期的作品，有着很大的作用。

这部小说情节复杂，突发事件集中，讽刺意味浓重，代表了简·奥斯丁的艺术思想和成就。

通过细读《曼斯菲尔德庄园》，探讨作品中的女性人物所体现出的女性意识，了解简·奥斯丁为建立一种女性写作传统而做出的贡献。

除“引言”和“结语”外，本文主体分为三部分。

引言部分介绍简·奥斯丁在文学史上的地位，她写《曼斯菲尔德庄园》时所处的社会状态及心理状态，本文的研究目的和意义。

主体部分则从“漫画式的正统老一代形象”，“个性张扬的都市新一代形象”和“特立独行的女主人公形象”三个方面来分析小说中不同女性所体现出的女性意识。

结语部分总结了对小说中女性形象的女性意识分析，凸显《曼斯菲尔德庄园》的作用。

关键词：女性形象正统张扬特立独行
Table of Contents Abstract (iii)
Abstract in Chinese (iv)
Introduction (02)
Chapter I. The Image of the Old Orthodox Comic Female (05)
dy in different life circumstances (05)
B.Money marriage supporters (10)
Chapter II The Image of the Young Open Citizen (12)
A.The detach of love and marriage (12)
B.Pursuit the realization of self-value (14)
C.The break between real and dream (15)
Chapter III The Image of the Maverick Heroine (16)
A.Fanny Under the Third Person Omniscient Point of View (16)
B.The Reconstruction of Self Resistance (18)
Conclusion (20)
Notes (23)
Bibliography (24)
Introduction
Jane Austen is a famous English feminist novelist who belongs to the Romantic Period. Her novels were mainly about young people‟s love and marriage, themes were relatively traditional. Heroines in her works had got rid of the bondage of traditional ideas. This word, woman, is not just a none. She had endowed heroines, who were on behalf of the young sensitive, thoughtful and independent women, with more abundant connotation. All of her heroines had experienced the transformation process from immature to mature, and had the characteristics of ration. Mansfield Park, as a work of a special period, showed a major shift in Austen‟s creative thinking. Obviously, there was an inseparable relationship between this shift and Austen‟s living environment, personality and the cultural context at that time.
Mansfield Park was published in 1814. In the early 19th century, talking about women writers‟ writing environment, Woolf said, in A Room of One’s Own, that at that time, Jane Austen lived in her family‟s public living room, she always wrote a few words when there was no one in the neighborhood, once someone came in, she quickly put the paper away, she had always been on tenterhooks of writing. Because during that time, novel was not regarded as the orthodox literature, what is more, the female writing is treason and heresy; to the male, lady is presided over the housekeeping at home as an understanding wife and loving mother. This showed that the social status of women‟s education. Edmund entered Eaton College and the University of Oxford, which was not allowed for women at that time. Even if there was a position like Miss Bertram upper-class women, only in order to better play the role in the family to master some skills, or to show virtue to accept some religious education. Living in the patriarchal repression of the society, Jane Austen had to stick to her writing in the difficult environment. It was evident that it was very praiseworthy for one‟s excellent conduct to win her literary status in the patriarchal society.
Before Jane Austen‟s literary creation, British female literature has undergone a series of changes. It has a history of nearly 100 years from women writers “began to
speak her mind”to “sentimentalism”literature thoughts, and then to the duality explanation of “female virtue”, finally really relates to the “dignity of women”. These literary practices not only opened Jane Austen‟s eyes, but also provided rich material and cultural soil for her literary creation. In the British literature of the eighteenth century, women‟s literature began to break the tradition and occupy a corner position in literature field. But because people in the world they lived considered patriarchal culture as the values of the society for a long term, their works were to some extent unconsciously imitating masculine writing. Women writers who tried to write literature, faced with a very difficult situation, which is “they had no tradition behind, or the tradition is such a short and local that is useless.”1 Women novelist still echoed male discourse in the literature creation, no frame out to men as the main body of the traditional literature, lack of distinctive female literature characteristics. Female writers were not only influenced by their era in the environment, but also related to their normal reading. It was extremely difficult for them to break away from the influence and restriction.
Mansfield Park was created in Victoria, which is a social transformation era. The Victoria times was considered to be the vertices of the British Industrial Revolution period, the British Empire economic and cultural heyday. The industrial revolution made family handicraft industry, which was dominated by women, was replaced by large-scale machine production. The benefits women can bring in the economic field significantly reduced. As losing economic sources, they naturally lost power at home. In addition, there was unfair property inheritance law, which prohibits women inherited their father‟s property, and which hurts their vital interests. Facing with all kinds of situations, female self-consciousness and social roles are experiencing great changes and remodeling. Women, in each class, different living conditions in Mansfield Park, were representative of women in this period.
At the same time, Jane Austen grew up in the age of enlightenment, which was a special time; various complex ideologies naturally provided sensitive and studious Austen with a good learning opportunity. Being an authority scholar of Jane Austen,
Dr•Xia Pumang summarized a list about reading bookings of Austen, seen from which can be analyzed Austen‟s interest in reading: the reading scope was very broad, various forms and styles of literary works were covered. Seen from her works, it is not difficult to find the shadow of Gothic novel, sentimental novel, realistic fiction, poetry and other literary style. As to the previous literature style, Jane Austen did not blindly inherit. In eighteenth Century, the main content of female writers‟ works was using male perspective to examine the heroine to show unique performance of emotional feature of female, and Sentimentalism was the main trend. Jane Austen opposed the trend of creation which moaned and groaned without being ill, and began to form her own unique style in her creative writing, focused on a series of social issues from women‟s eyes, such as love, marriage and family, which broaden the literature writing. Jane Austen‟s literary creation is beginning in late eighteenth century, when the Enlightenment had already been fully spread, female consciousness gradually awaken, women‟s writing had got a breakthrough. She departed from one‟s normal behavior, with the female perspective, tried to find a female in the patriarchal society. Jane Austen critically inherited the female on male value standard, pioneered the attempt of female discourse power. Relying on her talents and efforts, Austen let female consciousness direct her writing, which enriched the connotation and the depth of female literature and provided new perspective on women.
Female consciousness must be reflected by various female characters. Austen was good at portraying characters. In Mansfield Park, she created a series of female images to serve for expressing her female consciousness.
Chapter I. The Image of the Old Orthodox Comic Female
At the beginning of Mansfield Park, it recalled that three Miss Ward had grown to marry. For her good looks and seven thousand pounds, Miss Maria Ward married Sir Thomas Bertram and became a baronet‟s lady; while her two sisters were not so lucky as herself: Miss Ward married the village priest, who with a little money, after waiting six years; Miss Frances got attached to a Lieutenant of Marines, who was no education, no fortune, and no connections.
Now different marriages have caused different situations.
A. Lady in different life circumstances
Different life conditions made them play different roles in life. Superior living women seldom cared about the world and became hedonists; women in impoverished circumstance had to become slaves to their family and children.
Lazy selfish lady
Entering the upper-class, lady Bertram was “a woman of very tranquil feelings, and a temper remarkably easy and indolent.”2Due to the advantages of living conditions, she had no need to worry about basic life trivial, which made her get nothing in her mind and never do any thinking. As a mother, she did not show solicitude for her children‟s education and marriage. When her husband was at home, she handed these rights and obligations over to her husband and she just teased her pug. When her husband was out of town, she was still lazy lying on the sofa, and put these things to her sister, Mrs. Norris, who liked to worry and perform. That was perfect for on one hand she could be able to go on her casual and comfortable life, on the other hand she could also meet her sister‟s performance desire. Her older daughter Maria Bertram was at the age of making a match. It was supposed to be her to take her daughter to attend various parties or balls, but she would not go into public with her daughter. “She was too indolent even to accept a mother‟s gratification in witnessing their success and enjoyment at the expense of any personal trouble”.3 Her laissez-faire parenting style made the two miss Bertram only got beautiful appearance, but were moral shallowness and taught distorted values, finally could not stand the
temptation of the outside world and fallen into the abyss of depravity. As a baronet‟s wife, Mrs. Bertram was absolutely submissive to her husband. Her heart was emptiness. She asked her husband‟s idea for everything, even playing cards with friends and arranging someone to keep her company to kill time. In her husband‟s career, she has no thought to share his joy and sorrow. When the husband was to travel overseas, she did not want her husband to leave only because she considered her own danger, difficulties and fatigue, not for her husband‟s safe and comfort. Sir Thomas was not willing to leave their family to her when he left; because he was well aware of that she could not even handle her own things. When her husband returned from overseas, she was very happy, only at this time did she realize that “how dreadfully she must have missed him and how impossible it would have been for her to bear a lengthened absence”.4
As Fanny‟s aunt, she did not hesitate to adopt her nine years ago. It definitely had a great relationship with her superior life. Fanny was very grateful to her. She always required Fanny to be with her and was indeed dependent on Fanny. When the young went to visit the Sotherton or gone to the parties and balls, she did not want to move her foot, then asked Fanny to stay with her. It reflected her lazy, as well as her selfish. During the time when Fanny was at Portsmouth, she wrote many letters to show her wish that Fanny could come back to Mansfield Park earlier. However, without her husband‟s permission, she did not dare to suggest such thing. When Fanny was going to leave Mansfield Park after she married Edmund, considering her own interests, lady Bertram even hope Fanny do not marry. Fortunately, there is Susan who took her sister‟s place to take care of lady Bertram.
In Mrs. Bertram‟s world, she only cared about herself, other people and things could not have substantial influence on her. She was the perfect example as laziness and selfishness. Living by the cord ladies did not think about anything in upper-class, which reflected that on one hand, male played the lead role in the patriarchal society; on the other hand, women managed this kind of unfair social reality by using self-paralysis.
Smart vanity widow
Mrs. Bertram‟s sister Miss Ward married Mr. Norris and became Mrs. Norris. With Sir Thomas Bertram‟s help, Mr. Norris became the priest in Mansfield Park and had almost one thousand pounds a year, which made them live a good life. In such a bidding documents status, Mrs. Norris presented all her loyalty to the Bertrams and showed her contempt and a sense of superiority to the Prices. Though Mrs. Norris was angry at Mrs. Price‟s marriage and ceased their relationship for eleven years, when Mrs. Price wrote to ask for help, she felt a sense of superiority. She felt that she was right to question on Mrs. Price‟s choice of marriage. She began to lobby Sir Thomas to help them relieve their burden and her words were full of kindness, decisive and quick-witted. When Sir Thomas agreed to take Fanny, she showed a superior attitude as a giver in front of Fanny. She felt that she should be the first one to meet Fanny, so that she could let Fanny understand she was trusted and esteemed by everyone. Considering that Fanny‟s arrival would increase her expenses, she began to excuse rising Fanny for Mr. Norris‟s condition was not good and refused Fanny to enter the parsonage. In the case of bringing up Fanny, Mrs. Norris would only trouble her heart, refuse to cost a penny. That reflected a petty-bourgeois‟ smart and put money in the first place.
As far as walking, talking and contriving reached, she was thoroughly benevolent, and nobody knew better how to dictate liberality to others: but her love of money was equal to her love of directing, and she knew quite as well how to save her own as to spend that of her friends.5
When Mr. Norris died, she specially selected the White house in order to shirk her responsibility to raise Fanny and maintain her vanity. There were only two rooms at the White house: one for herself, the other for a friend. In her careful calculation, it was impossible for Fanny to live with her. The newcomer-vicar‟s wife, Mrs. Grant, never thought it would bother her too much to eat and drink. Cook‟s wage in the
parsonage was as high as in Mansfield Park. Mrs. Norris thought it was a waste and approached it without stop. When Sir Thomas decided to send Fanny back to Portsmouth, she made her mind to take their carriage to visit her sister, who she had not seen for nearly twenty years, for she meant to show her leisure life in front of her poor sister. But when Mrs. Bertram reminded her of paying money for the carriage in her way home, she changed her mind and decided not to go. Obviously, she did have feelings for her sister, however, compared with money, that feelings seemed less important. Women did not have the opportunity to make money. Once lost their husbands, economy would be like a pool of stagnant water. It could be understood that Mrs. Norris was forced by life to try various devices to get money.
Mrs. Norris often thought herself to be the most judicious woman in the manor and set herself to the position as a director. Every day she pretended to be thrift at Mansfield Park, while in fact she was planning for her own interests. When they were prepared to rehearse the play, she supervised the making of various clothing in principle of frugality and pleased herself for helping Sir Thomas save half a crown. When the play was bankrupt, she happened to get green velvet which she specially needed. When they visited the Sotherton, she was always around the manor housekeeper and the gardeners; in return she got a parcel of good cheese and four beautiful wild eggs without any effort. When Fanny‟s little grey pony died, she did not intend to spend money to buy a new horse for Fanny, but suggested Fanny to go riding in the interval of her cousin‟s spare riding time. She always taught Fanny to be grateful and remember that she was inferior to the others. On the road from Northamton to Mansfield Park, Mrs. Norris had been enlightening Fanny to be grateful to the Bertram family and product good performance. When Fanny insisted on her moral principles and did not play the drama, Mrs. Norris called her “a very obstinate, ungrateful girl”6. When Fanny refused Henry Crawford‟s proposal of marriage, Mrs. Norris blamed Fanny to be a person who did not know how to recompense gratitude. She was never nice to Fanny and always ordered Fanny to do housework. In her eyes, Fanny was just another servant. Whereas she loved Maria and Julia too much and spoiled them, which finally made the two Miss Bertram chose a
wrong path. In the case of the marriage of Maria and Mr. Rushworth, she “was zealous in promoting the match, by every suggestion and contrivance, likely to enhance its desirableness to either party”7. She really did not know her niece‟s true idea, but took it for grant to find a rich man for her niece. At the end of the novel, both of her two nieces eloped, which definitely should blame Mrs. Norris‟s vanity education.
Mrs. Norris was a very typical of vanity and too stingy to pull out a hair. In an economic society, she was also a good housekeeper and could be compared with a man. In the works of Jane Austen, Mrs. Norris set the first example for women to help men. But her work did not satisfy in every way. It reflected that Jane Austen was at the period of ideological contradiction. In the exercise of their rights, women must obtain the authorization of men at first.
Poor helpless wife
Mrs. Price, Mrs. Bertram‟s sister, cut off all her relationship with her family for love. After ten years later, she had a huge family to bring up, her husband became disabled, so she had to regardless of her self-esteem, put down the old grudges, reconnect with her two sisters to get help. The entire struggle she did was to maintain the basic living security. When the daughter, who had been sent away from home ten years ago, returned home, she greeted her with a sincere love, but she cared nothing for this daughter‟s life. Mrs. Price put all her energies on welcoming her son William Price, ignored Fanny‟s feelings. Not until William reminded her, did she realize that she should give more care to Fanny. But the true feelings of the heart was unable to hide, she soon transferred the subject from Fanny to other things, totally neglected the long-absence girl‟s extreme thirst of motherly love. Her heart and all her time was filled with trifle. She had no energy and no feelings for Fanny. The long separation had made this mother almost forgotten the daughter who had been sent away.
Because she was married to the poor Mr. Price, Mrs. Price worried about livelihood every day. She had no idea of how superior her two sisters‟lives were. Complain had become her whole life. Lacking of money, she was unable to buy more
supplies and toys for her children. So she could not escape the troubles which the children fought for it; she had to take the children huddled under the narrow house, lived a crowded noisy life, even the daily diet was also in disarray; she ought to share the housework with the servant and even if the servant was not satisfying, she had no money to replace the servant.
Her days were spent in a kind of slow bustle; always busy without getting on, always behindhand and lamenting it, without altering her ways; wishing to be an economist, without contrivance or regularity; dissatisfied with her servants, without skill to make them better, and whether helping, or indulging them, without any power of engaging their respect.8
The weight of life drove Mrs. Price to be restless and slovenly. Seen from her characteristic, she was more suitable to lead a lazy life like Mrs. Bertram. In such circumstances, there must be a person who was like Mrs. Norris to reckon carefully the housework.
Jane Austen showed us women‟s hard lives and a lack of spiritual world in needy families in instance of Mrs. Price. Mrs. Price was a microcosm of thousands of ordinary housewife. She had been caught up in the household and had no time to meet her spiritual pursuit and improve her female consciousness in the pursuit of her marriage.
B. Money marriage supporters
At the beginning of Mansfield Park, it wrote that “Miss Maria Ward of Huntingdon, with only seven thousand pounds, had the good luck to captivate Sir Thomas Bertram, of Mansfield Park, in the county of Northampton, and to be thereby raised to the rank of a baronet‟s lady”9. But her uncle, the lawyer thought that she needed, at least, three more thousand pounds to deserve such a marriage. This was a society, in which people believed that matrimony should be based on equal social status. It was apparent that social reality had left a deep imprint on people who had。