自考英语词汇学 第七章课件资料讲解

7.1.2 Narrowing 词义的缩小
❖ Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. 词义的缩 小也称为词义的专业化，与词义的扩大相反。 这是意义范围较大的词向意义较小的的方向 演变的过程 。
❖ When a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly. 普通名词转化为专有名词时，词义也随之缩小。
❖ For economy, some phrases are shortened and only one element of the original, usually an adjective, is left to retain the meaning of the whole.有时为了简洁，有些词组只留下一部分（往 往是形容词）来表示整个词组的意思。列兵
❖ Extension of meaning is also found in many technical terms, which as the term suggests are confined to specialized use. 许多意义有专 指的技术术语中也有词义扩大的 现象。
❖ Words commonized from proper nouns have experienced the same semantic change. 由专有 名词转化而来的普通名词也经历了同样的语义变化。
❖ There is associated transfer, for example, the lip of a wound; the tongue of a bell; the nose of a plane, in which the meaning is transferred through association. 还有一种词义转移叫联想转 移。 例如， 伤口;舌铃;机首等都是通过联想产生的 词义转移。
7.1.4 Degradation词义的降格
Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. 词义的降格与语义的升格相反，这是 词从表示褒扬或中性的意义向表示贬义的意 义的演变的过程。
❖ A large proportion of polysemic words of modern English have their meanings extended sometime in the course of development. 现在 英语中的大多数多义词都是在词义的发展中扩大词 义的。
7.1.3 Elevation词义的的升格
❖ Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.词义的的升格是指原来表示低微 意义的词转而成为表示重要意义的词的词义 演变过程。
英语词汇学
Chapter 7 Changes in Word meaning
词义的演变
7.1 Types of Changes 词义变化的类型
❖ Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer. 词义的变化有词义 的扩大，词义的缩小，词义的降格，词义的 升格及词义的转移。
❖ Of these, extension and narrowing are by far the most common. 在这几个变化类型 中，词义的扩大和缩小是目前最常见的。
7.1.1 Extension词义的扩大
❖ Extension of meaning, also known as generalization, is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized. 词义的扩大也被称为普遍化，是指词的意义 的扩展。这是一个词的词义从表达某一专门 的意义转化到表示概括意义的过程。
❖ The same is true of material nouns, which are used to refer to objects made of them and thus have a more specific sense. 物质名词情况也一 样，它们被用来指由这种物质构成的物体，因此它 们有更具体的含义。
TraBaidu Nhomakorabeasfer 词义的转移
❖ Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer. 词义的转移是指原先指称某一事物的词 后来转而指称另一事物的演变过程。