英语国家概况复习笔记TheUK分析

The UK
Unit 1
1.The official name：The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Since 1927)
national flag：The Union Flag OR popularly known as the Union Jack
national anthem（国歌）：GOD SAVE THE QUEEN
national capital of the country ：
London：
Greater London大伦敦都市区: the City of London + 32 boroughs[ˈbʌrə]（自治的市镇）
The City of London伦敦城: at the center of the metropolitan-the financial center of the country
Inner London: the City of London + its 12 boroughs
Outer London: 20 boroughs [ˈbʌrə]（自治的市镇）surrounding Inner London
2. The location and size of the country （了解）
3. The terrain [təˈreɪn]（地形）, rivers and mountains of the country
Roughly two kinds of terrain---highland and lowland.
The highland area --- in the northern part of the country, comprising the mountainous regions of Scotland, Northern Ireland, northern England and north Wales.
The lowland area --- especially in the Midland, southern and eastern England.
The longest river in the UK is River Severn（塞文河）.
Among the most important rivers is the Thames（泰晤士河）, which is second longest but is the deepest river in the county.
Ben Nevis（本·尼维斯）is the highest peak of the UK.
（大不列颠境内的最高山峰，海拔1，343.8米，位于苏格兰西部的格兰扁山脉)
Lough Neagh (396km2)(內伊湖): the largest lake in the whole country
4. The natural resources of the country
Coal 煤
●Britain has a rich deposit of coal with major coal mines in central and southwest of England.
●For the last decades, there has been a steady decline in both coal production and number of coal mines.
Petroleum [pəˈtrəuliəm] 石油
●1965 saw discovery of big oil and oil fields under the North Sea, east of Britain.
5. The climate of the country
Temperate maritime climate（温带海洋性气候）
What are the characteristics of the climate in Great Britain?
Foggy
Rainy
Uncertain and changeable
6. Major cities
London ;
Edinburgh [ˈednˌbɜ:rə] 爱丁堡;
Cardiff [ˈkɑ:dɪf] 加地夫（威尔士的主要海港）;
Belfast [ˈbelˌfæst] 贝尔法斯特（北爱尔兰首府）;
Birmingham ['bɜ:mɪŋˌhæm] 伯明翰市（英国中部城市，第二大城市）
Manchester: the Guardian（卫报）
Glasgow：[ˈɡlɑ:sɡəu] 格拉斯哥（苏格兰最大城市，第三大城市）
7. Population Density and Population Distribution
⏹Population density: 248 persons per square kilometer.
The Population of the UK is the 3rd largest in Europe.
⏹Population distribution: high urbanization (7 conurbations)
7 conurbations：Greater London大伦敦区, W. Midlands西密德兰都市郡, South Yorkshire 南约克都市郡, W. Yorkshire西约克郡都市郡, Greater Manchester大曼切斯特都市郡, Merseyside默西赛德都市郡(England), Tyne& Wear泰恩及威尔都市郡(Scotland) （了解）
8. Nations and the Languages Spoken
1) Nations: English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish
English (80%): descendants [dɪ'sendənts] 后裔of Anglo-Saxons
Welsh, Irish & Scottish:：descendants of Celts
2）Languages：A) English (official language):
B) Gaelic [ˈgælɪk] 盖尔语: Scotland & Northern Ireland
C) Welsh [welʃ] 威尔士语: Wales [weɪlz]
3) T he history and development of the English language(p.7)
⏹Old English (450AD-1100 AD) influenced by Old Norse (古斯堪的纳维亚语) spoken by Vikings (北欧海盗) and was closely related to the German and Dutch (荷兰) languages. The introduction of Christianity added the first wave of Latin and Greek words to the language and ended with the Norman Conquest.
⏹Middle English (1100AD-1500AD) French replaced English as the official language in England. Numerous French words came into the English vocabulary and ended with the Black Death (黑死病).
⏹Modern English (1500AD- present) Assimilating(吸收) words from Latin and Greek words throughout the Renaissance (文艺复兴) such as William Shakespeare and the King James Bible.
⏹Standard English= the Queen’s Englis h= BBC English
⏹Explanation of Standard English
Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of the southeastern England.
It is preferred by the educated and
it is widely used in media and taught at schools. Is has developed and has been promoted as a model for the correct British English. It is also the norm（标准）
carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.
9. Religion
⏹ 1. Britain is a multi-faith society in which everyone has the right to religious freedom.
⏹ 2. Christianity is the dominant religion of the country. Most of citizens are either
Protestant ['prɒtɪstənt]新教徒or Catholic.
⏹ 3. English nation: The church of England（英格兰圣公会）is the established church of the
English nation.
⏹ 4. The major non-Christian communities in Britain are the Jews, the Moslems and the
Buddhists.
10. Character and manners of British people
⏹Conservatism
⏹Talking about the Weather
⏹Punctuality
11. Traditions and custom
●Trooping the Color英国皇家军队阅兵仪式around the Bucking Place in London（P.62）
to celebrate the Queen’s Birthday Parade. (The Changing Guard ceremony)
●Religious Festivals
Christmas ( Three Christmas Traditions )
①Christmas pantomime [ˈpæntəmaɪm] (童话剧)
②Queen's Christmas message
③Boxing Day（节礼日）
Easter纪念耶稣复活
Halloween
12. Media
Newspaper
Traditionally British newspapers have been divided into "quality", serious-minded newspapers (usually referred to as "broadsheets宽幅印刷品" because of their large size) and the more populist ['pɒpjəlɪst] 平民化, "tabloid" varieties.
Quality Press: The Times（泰晤士报）, The Guardian（卫报）, The Daily Telegraph（每日电讯报）Tabloid [ˈtæblɔɪd] 通俗小报: The Sun on Sunday
Television and Broadcast
BBC（the British Broadcasting Corporation）, ITV(Independent Television) 英国独立电视台, BSkyB（the British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC）英国天空广播集团
TV programs done well by the BBC (P.60)
Unit 4. British Economy
1. The Relative Decline of British Economy (Why?)
⏹1) The country suffered a great loss in the two World Wars.
⏹2) The era[ˈɪərə]时代of the British Empire was over.
⏹3) Britain was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence.
⏹4) Britain failed to invest in industry after WWII.
₤However, the decline is not an absolute one. The UK is not poorer than before. In fact, it is
wealthier and more productive than before. The only thing is that other countries develop faster than the UK. So, the UK has experienced a relative decline.
2. Recent History of British Economy
⏹1970 - high Inflation rate, strikes
⏹1979 - Reformation Program（改革方案）by Thatcher government
→去国有化privatization [ˌpraɪvətaɪ'zeɪʃn]
⏹What was the content of the program?
Thatcherism [ˈθætʃə(r)zəm] 撒切尔主义：Throughout the 1980s an extensive program of privatization was carried out.---Denationalization [ˌdi:ˌnæʃnəlaɪ'zeɪʃn] 非国有化
①Government expenditure [ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)] 花费was reduced；
②Taxation reformed；
③Foreign exchange controls lifted外汇管制解除
④Rules governing banks loosened；
⑤Worker strikes restricted.
⏹What was the long-term results?
①Inflation(通货膨胀) has been controlled
②Unemployment rate falling
③Encouraged by low interest rates, investment has increased. It is second only to the US as a destination for international direct investment. It is also itself a major source of international investment --- it is the second biggest international investor in the world.
⏹Policies of Blair Government & Results （P.45）
Policies: ①Blair made the Bank of England independent.
②In social policy, the Blair government changed the old Labor Party’s practice of using
tax system, public expenditure[ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)] 花费and price controls to reduce inequality and put an emphasis on the minimum wage and supplementing low incomes. It also emphasized individual responsibility.
Results:①limit government spending
②keep inflation under control
③reduce unemployment
By the end of the 20th century, British economic growth surpassed that of other major European countries.
3. The Current British Economy
⏹1) Primary Industries
⏹Agriculture
A. Features: small population, high mechanization[ˌmekənaɪ'zeɪʃn]机械化and high
efficiency; but can not satisfy its domestic needs
B. Chief agricultural products：wheat（小麦）,barley [ˈbɑ:li]大麦,sugar beet(甜菜) and potatoes
⏹Energy production (5% of national wealth).
Main energy resources: coal (Rio Tinto Group力拓集团),
oil (Shell 壳牌, British Petroleum and British Gas)
⏹ 2) Secondary Industries:P .47
⏹ 3) Tertiary Industries: 65% of national wealth
1. (P .50)Foreign Trade ---- Lifeline. Britain is both an importer and exporter in the world.
2. Finance
The position of London in the world economy
Central Bank----Bank of England
The Big Four: Lloyds 劳埃德, Barclays 巴克莱银行, Midland 米德兰，
the National Westminster Bank Group 国民西敏寺银行
3. Currency ：Pound Sterling [paund ˈst ə:li ŋ] 英镑
Unit 3 Political System
1. Political System : Constitutional Monarchy [ ˌk ɔnst ɪˈtu:ʃən əl ˈm ɔn əki ] 君主立宪制
What does it mean by Constitutional Monarchy?
⏹ The King or Queen reigns [re ɪn]君主统治and is the head of the country, but dose not
rule the country. The country is governed, in the name the Sovereign [ ˈs ɒvr ɪn ] 君主, but by His or Her Majesty ’s [ ˈmæd ʒəsti ]陛下government---- a body of ministers who are responsible to Parliament [ ˈp ɑ:ləm ənt ]议会.
2. Parliament
议会（最高立法机关）、立法 政府、行政部门 司法机关 [ d ʒuˈd ɪʃəri ]
上议院 下议院 君主
Parliament:
⏹The UK is a unitary [ ˈju:nətri ]中央集权country.
⏹The British Parliament is often referred to as
supreme legislative authority（最高立法机关）of the UK.
⏹The Main functions are making laws and supervising（监督）government and finance.
⏹The life of Parliament is fixed at five years.
Sovereign: Theoretically[ ˌθɪə'retɪklɪ ]理论上, the Queen has all the power. In reality, she does everything on the advice of the Prime Minister.
The significance of the Queen? P.32
It represents the continuity and adaptability of the whole political system and is a symbol of British unity, an indissoluble [ ˌɪndɪˈsɒljəbl ] (牢不可破的) bond among people who retain many regional and cultural difference.( 它代表了整个政治体系的连续性和适应性，是英国团结的象征，人们保留了许多地区和文化差异的不解之缘。

)
The House of Lords
President: The Lord Chancellor
1). The members of the House of Lords.P.33
2) The power of the House of Lords: P.33
⏹ a revising chamber(议事厅) for legislation（修正立法议事厅）
⏹the highest court of appeal（最高上诉法院）
⏹introducing bills（引入法案）, except for those dealing with financial matters.
The House of Commons
Chairman: Mr. Speaker ---- impartial（公正）in debates
1) The members---- The MPs（下院议员）are elected every 5 years
2) The functions of the House
⏹ 1. Legislation: create, abolish or amend laws.
⏹ 2. Pass bills（通过法案）proposed by government.
⏹ 3.Supervise（监管）the government and finance: vote the taxation and expenditures[ɪ
ks'pendɪtʃəz] of government（表决政府的税收和支出）, examine government policies and administration, and debate major political issues. （检查政府政策和行政管理，以及重大政治问题的争论）
3. The Executive: The central government
The UK government, officially known as His (or Her) Majesty’s Government, is centered on Whitehall in London(位于伦敦白厅). It includes:
1)Prime Minister; 2) The Cabinet(内阁) [ˈkæbɪnət];
3) Privy[ˈprɪvi:] Council（枢密院）; 4) Departments（部门）;
5) Civil Service（政府文职机构）
Prime Minister ---- the really powerful leader of the UK
Status
⏹The head of the government oversees the operation of the Civil Service and government
departments.
⏹The leader of the party that holds the most seats in the House of Commons.
⏹He appoints members of the Cabinet and control it.
⏹He recommends a number of appointments(任命) to the Queen.
（他向女王推荐了一些任命）
⏹Prime Minister is appointed by the monarch.
The Cabinet
⏹The Prime Minister appoints up to 20 ministers to sit in the Cabinet. Members of the
Cabinet are usually members of his own party in the House of Commons. They are also ministers of government department.
⏹The Cabinet is the committee at the centre of the British political system and is the
supreme decision-making body in government. (政府最高决策机构)
⏹The Cabinet meets regularly, usually once a week.
3. The Judiciary
⏹“No written constitution.”Why? P.30
Because it is not summarized into one single document as “the British Constitution”.
⏹The Constitution is made up of Statutes[s'tætʃu:ts](法规), Acts of Parliament（议会）and
common law.
⏹No Ministry of Justice（司法部）.
⏹Court system in England:
①Lowest level: the magistrates’[ˈmædʒɪstreɪt] courts（地方法庭）and county courts （治安法庭和郡法院）
②Highest level: The House of Lards
⏹Jury: A jury is made up of 12 citizens(陪审团由12名公民组成). Every citizen who should
be open-minded and impartial to the court case at hand.(每个公民都应该对法院的案件进行公正的和公正的诉讼。

) A jury’s job is to decide whether or not the accused (被告)they defended a guilty or not a guilty(陪审团)
If the jury finds the accused guilty(有罪), then it is for the judge to announce sentence.
⏹No death penalty[ˈpenəlti]（无死刑）since1969.
⏹The Police: The Metropolitan Police(都市警察)：whose zone of operation covers Greater
London, is under the direct responsibility of the Home Secretary（内政大臣）.
⏹Scotland Yard（伦敦警察厅）：(officially New Scotland Yard ) the Criminal Investigation
Department (英国刑事调查局)(CID), where its offices are situated close to Whitehall and the House of Parliament in London(白厅和伦敦的英国国会大厦).
4. Party Politics
Three main political parties of Britain:
①The Conservative Party (Its Characteristics P.36)
It favors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditure on social welfare.Its policies are characterized by pragmatism[ˈprægmətɪzəm]（实用主义）and a belief in individualism.这有利于减少工会的影响，最大限度地减少对社会福利的支出，其政策具有实用主义和个人主义的信念。

②The Labor Party(Its Characteristics P.37)
1.believe in an egalitarian(平等主义) economy
2.public services
3.nationalize a wide range of industries
It became known as a party of high taxation. The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.(它被称为一个高税收的政党。

党的活动主要是由工会资助的。

)
③The Liberal Democracy[dɪˈmɒkrəsi](自由民主党)
5. General Election(大选)
⏹How long is it held? Every 5 years.
⏹For what purpose?
To elect a member of the House of Commons..
⏹Process of General election---Direct Election (P.38)
⏹Result: The party which has a largest number of seat will win the election. The leader of
this party will be the Prime Minister.
The party which wins over half of the constituencies[kənˈstɪtjuənsi]选区的全体选民is the majority in the House of Commons, subsequently forming the new government.
6. The British Commonwealth(联邦) of Nations, normally referred to as the Commonwealth is an intergovernmental organization of fifty-four independent member states.(英联邦，通常称为英联邦是一个政府间组织的五十四个独立的成员国。

) Queen Elizabeth II, is the current head of the Commonwealth.
All but two (Mozambique and Rwanda) of these countries were formerly part of the British Empire.（这些国家的所有，但（莫桑比克和卢旺达）以前是大英帝国的一部分。

）
The Commonwealth is not a political union, but an intergovernmental organization through which countries with diverse social, political, and economic backgrounds are regarded as equal in status.
（英联邦不是一个政治联盟，而是一个具有不同社会、政治和经济背景的政府间组织，被认为是平等的地位。

）
Unit 2 History
1. Earliest Settlers
1) The Iberians [ laɪ'bɪərɪən ] 利比里亚人: They were nomadic [ nəʊ'mædɪk ]（游牧的）Stone Age hunters. Their social system was a tribal[ˈtraɪbəl]部落的society. The only Relic left by them was Stonehenge [ˌstoʊnˈhendʒ]史前巨石柱
2) The Celts凯尔特人: Two big waves of Celtic[ˈkɛltɪk, ˈsɛl-]凯尔特人的invasion[ɪnˈveʒən]侵袭:
①the Gaels['ɡælz]少女, still found in Ireland and Scotland, came over as early as 600 B.C. ②the Britons英国人, still found in Wales, came over before 300 B.C. From the Britons came the English name for Britain.
They were Tribesmen部落的男子or clansmen['klænzmən]同族的人.
2. Roman Britain
●In 55 and 54 B.C. Britain was twice invaded by Roman troops[trup]军队under Julius
Caesa r, but it was conquered by the Romans under Claudius[ˈklɔdiəs]克劳迪亚斯in 43
A. D. Britain then became a Roman province and remained so until the beginning of
the 5th century.
●They left three valuable things: Welsh Christianity威尔士基督教, the roman roads and
cities, especially London.
3. Anglo-Saxon[ˈæŋɡloˈsæksən]盎格鲁-撒克逊人的Britain
●The three Teutonic[tu:ˈtɑ:nɪk]日耳曼人的groups are:Angles, Saxons and Jutes. From
the Anglo-Saxon conquerors came the name “England”and “English”; England (Angla-land in OE) means the land of the Anglo-Saxons.
●The early Anglo-Saxons were worshipers礼拜者of natural forces, e.g., thunder, winds
and storms. Their outlook upon life and the habit of mind were entirely different from Christian teaching.
The end of 7th century--- all England had been Christianized使成为基督教徒.
By 737 the Church of England had been well organized.
●Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy[ 'heptɑ:kɪ ]七国时代
Under Alfred the Great, Wessex威塞克斯attained a high degree of prosperity and considerable enlightenment[ɛnˈlaɪtn:mənt]启蒙运动.
●Danish[ˈdenɪʃ]丹麦的Invasion：In the late 8th century (traditionally 787 A.D.) the
Danes began to attack the English coast. They made extensive[ɪkˈstɛnsɪv]广阔的settlement in the eastern half of the island in the late 9th century and made York as an important center.
●King Alfred the Great led people to fight against the Danes.
●In 878, a peace treaty was signed between the Danes and Alfred: the eastern half of the
island was to be subjected to the Danish law and come to be know as the Danelaw丹麦律法实施区.
Feudal[ˈfjudl:]封建的society under Anglo-Saxons (1)
●In early Saxon England, the main classes of people were: (1) noblemen, with the king at
the top, who were supposed to be descendants[dɪˈsɛndənt]后裔of Gods; (2) freemen, who were independent peasants holding large pieces of land; and (3) slaves, who had no land but were forced to till the land of the noblemen. Probably they came from the conquered Celts.
●The development of agriculture and trade stimulated production and resulted in the
accumulation of wealth in the few hands. ----Private ownership came into existence.
●The old system of clans and kinship had been completely displaced by the system of
lords and tenants佃户.
the king ---- head
the earls ----rule many districts
the thegns(领主) ---- territorial noble
Freemen
Serfs 农奴
4. Norman Conquest(1)----
●In January 1066, Edward, the last Saxon king, died childless. Harold, Edward’s
brother-in-law, and William of Normandy, Edward’s Norman cousin, both claimed the throne.
●Three days after Harold had been crowned, on September 28th, 1066, William Duke of
Normandy crossed the Channel with a powerful army, killed Harold and defeated the English army at the battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066.
●William was coronated at Westminster Abbey on Christmas, 1066.
●After Norman Conquest, feudalism[ˈfjudl:ˌɪzəm]封建制度was established in England.
●In politics, William Ⅰadopted several measures to consolidate his rule.
●In economy, in 1086, William Ⅰhad his officials go through England and make a record
of each man’s property. ----Doomsday Book.
●Henry II began the House of Plantagenet金雀花王朝.
●Henry Ⅱis best remembered for his reform of the courts and law.
He improved the courts of justice,introduced the jury system and made the law common throughout the country.
●To strengthen[ˈstrɛŋkθən,ˈstrɛŋ-,ˈstrɛn-]巩固the King’s power, Henry Ⅱalso
weakened the power of the lords and knights[naɪt]爵士. He cancelled the feudal services of forty days instead he asked the feudal lords to pay a special tax. This allowed him to have professional soldiers.
5. King John and the Great Charter
Background:
●He was defeated in a war with France and lost Normandy in 1204. He demanded more
feudal taxes封建赋税and army service than custom allowed so as to revenge himself on France. The lords became angry, marched to London and forced him to sign a long document on June 17th, 1215. The document is known as the Great Charter大宪章.
Significance:
●The Great Charter was made in the interests of the feudal lords, great and small.
Nevertheless, it had a progressive significance. It granted to the townspeople
freedom of trade and self-government. The merchants[ˈmɜ:rtʃənt]商人and
craftsmen['krɑ:ftmən]工匠in England appeared for the first time as a new
political force. It is the foundation of the British constitutionalism[ˌkɑ:nstəˈtu:ʃə
nəlɪzəm]立宪.
6. Birth of Parliament[ˈpɑ:rləmənt]议会
●The contradiction between the king (Henry Ⅲ) and the lords became acute.
●Under the leadership of Simon De Montfort西蒙蒙特福特, the lords forced the king to
send away his foreign advisers and to accept their own council of advisers instead.
●Simon called a parliament in 1265after a battle in which Henry Ⅲwas defeated.In
addition to the older group, there were two knights from each shire[ʃaɪr]郡and two citizens from each town. It was known as the “All Estates Parliament.”各级议会
●In 1295,Edward Ⅰsummoned召唤the “All Estates Parliament”more than 400
members in all. As that Parliament was followed as a model, it became known in history as the “Model Parliament”. 模范议会
7. The Decline of Feudalism
1) Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
⏹The Background: At the beginning of the 14th century, England became powerful as its
commerce and manufacture grew rapidly. Consequently the rich desired to control more market and the nobility[noʊˈbɪləti]贵族阶级wanted to regain their lost territories on the Continent.
⏹The Nature of the war:
It is a feudal war: Edward Ⅲsucceeded his father at the age of 15. He launched a war against French in 1337 for the French crown on the excuse that his mother was the sister of the late king of France.
It is a trade war: The Hundred Years’ War was also a trade war. The economic interests of England and France clashed in Flanders. The Flemish cloth manufacturing towns were the importers of English wool. However, these towns owed political loyalty to the French king and Flanders taxed the wool trade heavily. The English king and his barons and merchants desired to get a foothold[ˈfʊthoʊld]据点in Flanders [ ˈflɑ:ndəz ] 佛兰德斯地区for the expansion of trade.
⏹The Process:In the early phase of the war the English were the offensive and won great
victories. In the last phase[fez]阶段, when the French peasants came in under Joan of Arc, a famous peasant girl, the French began to act on the offensive[əˈfɛnsɪv]进攻. By the time the war was concluded, the English had lost all the territories领土they had gained during the war except the French port of Calais.
⏹The Consequences in politics, economy and society of the UK: During the Hundred
Years’ War England underwent[ˌʌndɚˈwɛnt]经历important political, economic and social changes.
1. Parliament was frequently summoned. Apart from the right to approve taxes, it
acquired the right to issue laws. In 1343, it was divided into two chambers: the House of Lords, a body of leading clergymen['klɜ:dʒɪmən]牧师and leading vassals[ˈvæsəl]奴仆, and the House of Commons, a body of small nobility (knights). 2. In economy, the English failed to conquer Flanders led the government to encourage the home woolen industry. England soon became more a manufacturer of cloth and less a mere producer of raw wool after the war. 3.
In societal level, the war accelerated the breakdown of feudal society as the heavy cost of the long war inevitably[ɪnˈevɪtəbli]不可避免地increased the burden[ˈbɜ:rdn]负担on the feudal lords and merchants. The vast expenditure of treasure for war consequently put the money class, the new bourgeoisie, in a more important position in Britain.
2) Black Death: It fastened the breakdown of the manorial system in England.
3) Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)
⏹Two years af ter the Hundred Years’ War was concluded. England was thrown into
another series of civil wars which were fought intermittently[ˌɪntə'mɪtəntlɪ]断断续续between the Lancastrians who wore a red rose and the Yorkists who wore a white rose, from 1455 to 1485, hence[hɛns]从此the name of Wars of the Roses.
⏹The war went on for 30 years. In 1485, Henry Tudor killed Richard Ⅲin Bosworth Field,
putting an end to the wars, and became the founder of a new House---the House of Tudor.
8. The Bourgeois Revolution
The Tudor都铎王朝的family ruled England from 1485 to 1603.
⏹Under the Tudors, England became a national state with an efficient[ɪˈfɪʃənt]有效率的
centralized[ˈsɛntrəˌlaɪz]使集中government, and changed from a medieval[ˌmidiˈivəl]中世纪的to a modern country.
⏹The Tudor Monarchy, being in a transitional stage from feudalism[ˈfjudl:ˌɪzəm]封建制
度to capitalism, witnessed many important political, economic and social changes.
⏹1) The background
Capital Accumulation:The kings of Tudor family stimulated[ˈstɪmjəˌlet]激励English commercial and maritime[ˈmærɪˌtaɪm]海事的enterprises[ˈentərpraɪz]计划. The discovery of the New World and of the new sea routes and the expansion[ɪkˈspænʃən]扩张of trade with the Continent and the East brought enormous[ɪˈnɔ:rməs]巨大的wealth to the country, and made men think differently.
Two Main Ways of Capital Accumulation: 1. Enclosures[ɪnˈkloʊʒə(r)]圈占地: Wool trade ---- get wool ---- pastures生活状况---- enclosure of land ; 2. Colonies ---- exploitation on colonies & profits from slave trade
The influence of Capital Accumulation: The new bourgeoisie[ˌbʊrʒwɑ:ˈzi:]资产阶级was born out and became more and more powerful. They soon found that feudalism[ˈfjudl:ˌɪzəm]封建制度was preventing them from further development.
Religious Reformation宗教改革:
Causes:
⏹(1) By the 16th century the new national spirit of the English people had become
impatient with social and political progress of England. And the Pope hindered[ˈhɪndɚ]阻碍the English social, political and commercial progress;
⏹(2) The wealth and power the Church in Europe gathered through ages attracted
the jealousy of kings. Most of the English kings resisted the Pope’s interference in their national affairs;
⏹(3) the external[ɪkˈstɜ:rnl]外面的pretext[ˈpriˌtɛkst]借口for the Religious
Reformation was the issue over Henry’s divorce of his wife Catherine. But the Pope refused Henry’s request. Henry was angry and began to take action.
Consequences:
⏹Under Henry Ⅷ, the church of England got its independence of Rome. The church
of England has also been called as the church of Anglican since then.
⏹In 1533, Henry Ⅷrefused to acknowledge papal supremacy[sʊˈprɛməsi]霸权
over the English Church and declared himself Supreme head of the Church in England by the Act of Supremacy (passed by the Parliament in 1534).
The Renaissance
⏹It was under the Tudors that the Renaissance[ˈrenəsɑ:ns]文艺复兴spread into
England.
⏹It was a cultural movement by progressive thinkers who represented the interests
of the rising bourgeoisie[ˌbʊrʒwɑ:ˈzi:]资产阶级and worked for freedom and enlightenment.
They were called “humanists.”
Representatives
⏹Sir Thomas More & Utopia
⏹William Shakespeare[ˈwɪljəm ˈʃekspɪr]威廉莎士比亚
The persecution of Puritans[ˈpjʊrɪtən]纯粹主义者: The Puritans represented the interests of the new Bourgeoisie were persecuted by the King.
⏹2) The Process
⏹(1) The First Civil War (1642-1646): At the beginning of the Civil War, two camps were
formed:
the king’s men were feudal lords, mainly members of the Church who were called Cavaliers with Oxford as the base.
The supporters of Parliament were the bourgeoisie资产阶级, the new aristocrats, craftsmen and workers and peasants, mostly members of Free churches, who were called Roundheads.
Later after Oliver Cromwell reorganized the parliamentary forces, the King was badly defeated at Marston Moor(1644) and Naseby(1645). In the next year the King surrendered[səˈrɛndɚ]投降to his enemies. The first Civil War ended on Jun 24, 1646.
⏹(2) The Second Civil War (1648): The army, under the leadership of Cromwell, defeated
the revolt of the king in a few months. The King was recaptured[riˈkæptʃɚ] 重新捕获and was executed[ˈɛksɪˌkjut]完成; in 1649. England then called itself a Commonwealth.
⏹(3) The Commonwealth (1649-1660)
⏹(4) The Restoration and the “Glorious Revolution”
Cromwell died in1658. The bourgeoisie and the new aristocrats compromised with the rightists (Presbyterians) and invited Charles Ⅱto come back from Holland to the throne on May 29th, 1660. This incident[ ˈɪnsɪdənt]事件came to be known as the Restoration of the Stuart.
The expansion of the king’s (Charles Ⅱand James Ⅱ) power clashed with the interests of the bourgeoisie and in 1688 the two parties of the bourgeoisie united and staged
a bloodless coup d’etat and put William of Orange on the throne and formed an alliance[əˈlaɪ
əns]结盟with the landowners. This came to be known as the Glorious Revolution.
3) The Historic significance and shortcomings
The English Bourgeois Revolution swept away the obstacles[ˈɑ:bstəkl]障碍of feudalism and paved the way for the development of capitalism in England in the next two centuries. It influenced the French and American revolution in the 18th century. It marked the beginning of a new era, the era of capitalism. Since then Constitutional monarchy has become the。