中考英语复习：现在完成时讲解与练习(1)

现在完成时讲解与练习

一、构成

现在完成时是由助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围，它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。

二、用法

（1）表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如：

- Have you had lunch yet? - Yes, I have. I've just had it. 你（已经）吃午饭了吗？我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了）

（2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常

带有for 和since 等表示一段时间的状语。

如：He has taught here since 1981他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）

I haven't seen her for four years. 我有四年没见到她了。

三、结构

1）．陈述句结构：主语＋h ave( h a s)（n o t）+过去分词＋其它。

have not=haven’ t has not=hasn’t.

2）．一般疑问句结构：H ave( H a s)＋主语＋过去分词＋其它？

3）．特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋h ave(h a s)+主语+过去分词＋其它？

eg. He has a lready finished his homework. He hasn’ t f inished his homework yet.

H a s h e f i n i s h e d h i s h o m e w ork y e t?--Y e s,h e h a s./N o,h e h a s n’t./N o,n o t y e t.

四、现在完成时的时间状语

（1）现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last Sunday, in1990, three years ago 等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。

a. 用副词already 和yet。already 一般用于肯定句中，yet 一般用于否定句和疑问句中。如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。

They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。

b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“ 曾经” 或“ 从未“ 等。如

- Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾经去过长城吗？

- 我从未去过长城。

c.just, before, up to now, the past few years, so far 等。例如：

d.用包括“ 现在” 在内的时间状语，如：now, today, this morning (month ,year, term)等。例如

- Have you met him today?- No, I haven't.今天你见过他吗？我没有。

（2）现在完成时可以和带有since 或for 等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。如：I haven't seen him for two years. 五、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别现在完成时强调的是过去的动作对现在的影响，它和现在有密切的联系。而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻、地点发生，不表示和现在的关系。试比较：

I have lost m y new book. 我把新书丢了。（现在还未找到）

I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。（昨天丢的，现在找到与否没说明）。如果句子涉及事情发生的时间、地点，则只能用一般过去时态而不能用现在完成时态。如：我爸爸已经去南京了。

他是昨天去的。My father has gone to Nanjing. He went there yesterday.

六、几点注意事项

1. have been to 、have gone to 和have been in(at)的区别：

have gone to 表示“ 去某地了”

Have been in(at)是have gone to 的延续状态，用于。

如：They have been to Beijing twice.

He has gone to B eijing . 他去北京了。

My father has been in Beijing since last Sunday/for 5 days.

A）用have(has) been to、have(has) been in(at)或have(has) gone to 填空。

A: Where _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Li Fei _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ? I can’ t find him anywhere.

B: He _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Hainan Island.

A: How long _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ he _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Hainan?

B: He _ ____________ there for three days.

A: When will he come back , do you know?

B: I’m afraid he won’ t come back recently. A:

Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island?

B: Sorry, I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ never _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Hainan.

2.现在完成时态中有时间的表达吗？

现在完成时态中没有具体的过去时间（若有，则变成一般过去时态了）。但句子里可以出现recently （近期），s o f a r（到目前为止），b e f or e(以前)等词语表示一个模糊的时间范畴。

3. since 和for 如何使用？

首先要明白since 和for 连接的短语或句子都指一段时间，对它们提问都用how long。For 后面就接for 3 years。since 有三种结构，如下：

过去的时间点，如since 2002(自2002 年以来到现在),指一段时间

一段时间+ago，如since 3 years ago(自3 年前以来至今)，指一段时间

Since+一个一般过去时态的句子，如since I was born(自从我出生以来)

A）用since 和for 填空

1) _ _____ two years 2) _ ______ two years ago 3) _ ______ last month 4) _ _____ 19995) _ ______ yesterday 6) _ ______ 4 o’ clock 7) _ _____ 4 hours

B）用since 和for 填空

1.He has lived in Nanjing _ __ _ _ _ __ the year before last.

2.I’ve known him _ _ __ __ _ __ _ we were children.

3.Our teacher has studied Japanese _ _ ___ __ __ three years.

4.She has been away from the city _ ____ _ ____ _ about ten years.

5.It’ s about ten years _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ she left the city.

4. 短暂性动词什么情况下要转换成延续性动词？

当表示一个动作或状态从过去一直延续到现在时，句中的动词必须用延续性动词。也就是说句子里有since 或for 引导的短语；或者就是在问这个动作延续了多长时间，由how long 引导的特殊疑问句，这两种情况下，短暂性动词都不能用。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：

arrive→be in/at begin(start)→be on die →be dead

come back→be back leave →be away fall ill(sick, asleep)→be ill(sick, asleep) get up→be up go out →be out finish →be over

put on→wear 或be on open →be open join →be in 或be a member of…

close →be closed go to school→be a student borrow →keep

buy →have catch(a cold)→ have(a cold) 等

如：He joined the army three years ago.= He has been a soldier for three years.

His father died two years ago. = His father has been dead for two years.

The film began 10 minutes ago. = The film has been on for ten minutes.

按要求把短暂性转换为延续性动词

1.He got to Beijing five minutes ago.

He _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Beijing for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

2.I moved to the USA last year.

I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the USA since _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

3.He came out two years ago.

He _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

4.We return to Fuzhou yesterday.

We _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to Fuzhou since _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

5.I became a teacher in 2000.

I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a teacher _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

6.The river became dirty last y ear.

The river _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dirty for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

7.The shop closed two hours ago.

The shop _ _______ _ ________ _ ________ for _ ________ _ ________.

8The door opened at six in the morning.

The door _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ since six a.m.

9.I got up two hours ago.

I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .