光电效应论文爱因斯坦
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Translation into English American Journal of Physics, v. 33, n. 5, May 1965
—— ♦ ——
A profound formal dis区ti别nction exists between the theoretical concepts which physicists have formed regarding gases and other po有n重d量er的able bodies and the Maxwellian theory of elect电ro磁m的agnetic processes in so–called empty space. While we consider the state of a body to be completely determined by the positions and vel速oc度ities of a very large, yet finite, number of atoms and electrons, we make use of co连nt续in的uous sp空a间ti的al functions to describe the electromagnetic state of a given volume, and a finite number of pa参ra量meters cannot be regarded as sufficient for the complete determination of such a state. According to the Maxwellian theory, energy is to be considered a continuous spatial function in the case of all purely electromagnetic phenomena including light, while the energy of a ponderable object should, according to the present conceptions of physicists, be r代ep表r，es表en示t为ed as a sum carried over the atoms and electrons. The energy of a ponderable body cannot be sub再d分ivided into arb随it意ra的r，ily反复m无an常y的or arbitrarily small parts, while the energy of a beam of light from a point source (according to the Maxwellian theory of light or, more generally, according to any wave theory) is continuously spread an ever increasing volume.
to some investigators in their research.
研究者
1. Concerning a Difficulty with关于Regard to the Theory of Blackbody Radiation
We start first with the point of view taken in the Maxwellian and the electron
are free to move and which e施x以er影t 响conse保rv守at的ive forces on each other on close
approach: i.e. they can collide with each other like molecules in the kin运e动tic的
theories and consider the following case. In a space enclosed by completely
reflecting walls, let there be a number of gas m分ol子ec，u微le粒s and electrons which
to be considered here, the energy of a light ray spreading out from a point
source is not continuously distribute分d布over an increasing space but consists
tion, fluore荧sc光ence, the production of ca阴th极ode rays by ult紫ra外v的iolet light, and
other related phenomena connected with the emission or transformation of
In th在e下f文ollowing I wish to pr介es绍ent the line of thought and the facts which
have led me to this point of view, hoping that this approach may be useful
A. Einstein, Ann. Phys. 17, 132
1905
Concerning an Heuristic Point of View Toward the Emission and Transformation of Light
A. Einstein Bern, 17 March 1905 (Received March 18, 1905)
tinuous spatial functions may lead to con矛tr盾a，di反ct对ions with experience when
it is applied to the phenomena of em发is射sion and transf转o换rmation of light. It seems to me that the observations associated with bla黑ck体body rad辐i射a-
light are more re容ad易il地y understood if one assumes that the energy of light
is discontinuously distribut分e配d in space. In acc与o.r..一da致nce with the assumption
mind, however, that the optical observations refer to time av平e均rages rather
than
瞬时
instantaneous
values.
In
spite
of
the
complete
e实xp验e的ri，m试en验t性al的confir确m认a-
from these points. The bo结un合d electrons are also to participate in conserva-
tive interactions with the free molecules and electrons when the latter come
For 暂th时e time being, we dis忽re视gard the radiation emitted and absorbed by the oscillators and inqu调ire查，in探to究the condition of dynamical equilibrium associated with the interaction (or collision) of molecules and electrons. The kinetic theory of gases asserts that the average kinetic energy of an oscillator electron must be equal to the average kinetic energy of a translating gas molecule. If we separate the motion of an oscillator electron into three components at angles to each other, we find for the average energy E of one of these l线in型ea的r components the expression
1This assumption is equivalent to the supposition that the average kinetic energies of gas molecules and electrons are equal to each other at thermal equilibrium. It is well known that, with the help of this assumption, Herr Drude derived a theoretical expression for the ratio of thermal and electrical conductivities of metals.
2
very close. We call the bound electrons “osc振il荡la器tors”: they 发em出it and absorb electromagnetic waves of definite periods.
According to the present view regarding the origin of light, the radiation in the space we are considering (radiation which is found for 对th于e...c情a况se of dynamic equil均ib衡rium in依a照c，co与r什da么n一ce致with the Maxwellian theory) must be 动态的 identical with the blackbody radiation — at least if oscillators of all the relevant frequencies are considered to存b在e present.
tion of the theory as applied to di衍ff射raction, reflection, refr折ac射tion, dispersi散on射,
etc., it is still con令ce人iv信a服bl的e ，th可a想t 象th的e theory of light which operates with con-
theory of gases.1 Furthermore, let there be a number of electrons which are
必然
bound to widely separated points by forces pro成p比o例rt的ional to their distances
The wave theory of light, which o起p作er用ates with continuous spatial functions, has worked well in the representation of purely optical phenomena
and will probably never be replaced by another theory. It should be kept in
of a finite number of energy qu量a子nta which are localized at points in space,
which move without dividing, and which can only be produced and absorbed
as complete units.
—— ♦ ——
A profound formal dis区ti别nction exists between the theoretical concepts which physicists have formed regarding gases and other po有n重d量er的able bodies and the Maxwellian theory of elect电ro磁m的agnetic processes in so–called empty space. While we consider the state of a body to be completely determined by the positions and vel速oc度ities of a very large, yet finite, number of atoms and electrons, we make use of co连nt续in的uous sp空a间ti的al functions to describe the electromagnetic state of a given volume, and a finite number of pa参ra量meters cannot be regarded as sufficient for the complete determination of such a state. According to the Maxwellian theory, energy is to be considered a continuous spatial function in the case of all purely electromagnetic phenomena including light, while the energy of a ponderable object should, according to the present conceptions of physicists, be r代ep表r，es表en示t为ed as a sum carried over the atoms and electrons. The energy of a ponderable body cannot be sub再d分ivided into arb随it意ra的r，ily反复m无an常y的or arbitrarily small parts, while the energy of a beam of light from a point source (according to the Maxwellian theory of light or, more generally, according to any wave theory) is continuously spread an ever increasing volume.
to some investigators in their research.
研究者
1. Concerning a Difficulty with关于Regard to the Theory of Blackbody Radiation
We start first with the point of view taken in the Maxwellian and the electron
are free to move and which e施x以er影t 响conse保rv守at的ive forces on each other on close
approach: i.e. they can collide with each other like molecules in the kin运e动tic的
theories and consider the following case. In a space enclosed by completely
reflecting walls, let there be a number of gas m分ol子ec，u微le粒s and electrons which
to be considered here, the energy of a light ray spreading out from a point
source is not continuously distribute分d布over an increasing space but consists
tion, fluore荧sc光ence, the production of ca阴th极ode rays by ult紫ra外v的iolet light, and
other related phenomena connected with the emission or transformation of
In th在e下f文ollowing I wish to pr介es绍ent the line of thought and the facts which
have led me to this point of view, hoping that this approach may be useful
A. Einstein, Ann. Phys. 17, 132
1905
Concerning an Heuristic Point of View Toward the Emission and Transformation of Light
A. Einstein Bern, 17 March 1905 (Received March 18, 1905)
tinuous spatial functions may lead to con矛tr盾a，di反ct对ions with experience when
it is applied to the phenomena of em发is射sion and transf转o换rmation of light. It seems to me that the observations associated with bla黑ck体body rad辐i射a-
light are more re容ad易il地y understood if one assumes that the energy of light
is discontinuously distribut分e配d in space. In acc与o.r..一da致nce with the assumption
mind, however, that the optical observations refer to time av平e均rages rather
than
瞬时
instantaneous
values.
In
spite
of
the
complete
e实xp验e的ri，m试en验t性al的confir确m认a-
from these points. The bo结un合d electrons are also to participate in conserva-
tive interactions with the free molecules and electrons when the latter come
For 暂th时e time being, we dis忽re视gard the radiation emitted and absorbed by the oscillators and inqu调ire查，in探to究the condition of dynamical equilibrium associated with the interaction (or collision) of molecules and electrons. The kinetic theory of gases asserts that the average kinetic energy of an oscillator electron must be equal to the average kinetic energy of a translating gas molecule. If we separate the motion of an oscillator electron into three components at angles to each other, we find for the average energy E of one of these l线in型ea的r components the expression
1This assumption is equivalent to the supposition that the average kinetic energies of gas molecules and electrons are equal to each other at thermal equilibrium. It is well known that, with the help of this assumption, Herr Drude derived a theoretical expression for the ratio of thermal and electrical conductivities of metals.
2
very close. We call the bound electrons “osc振il荡la器tors”: they 发em出it and absorb electromagnetic waves of definite periods.
According to the present view regarding the origin of light, the radiation in the space we are considering (radiation which is found for 对th于e...c情a况se of dynamic equil均ib衡rium in依a照c，co与r什da么n一ce致with the Maxwellian theory) must be 动态的 identical with the blackbody radiation — at least if oscillators of all the relevant frequencies are considered to存b在e present.
tion of the theory as applied to di衍ff射raction, reflection, refr折ac射tion, dispersi散on射,
etc., it is still con令ce人iv信a服bl的e ，th可a想t 象th的e theory of light which operates with con-
theory of gases.1 Furthermore, let there be a number of electrons which are
必然
bound to widely separated points by forces pro成p比o例rt的ional to their distances
The wave theory of light, which o起p作er用ates with continuous spatial functions, has worked well in the representation of purely optical phenomena
and will probably never be replaced by another theory. It should be kept in
of a finite number of energy qu量a子nta which are localized at points in space,
which move without dividing, and which can only be produced and absorbed
as complete units.