肺动脉高压的分类
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肺动脉高压的分类
2008年世界卫生组织(WHO)第四届肺动脉高压会议重新修订了肺动脉高压的分类,共分为5大类:①动脉性肺动脉高压;②左心疾病所致肺动脉高压;③肺部疾病和(或)低氧所致肺动脉高压;④慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压;⑤未明多因素机制所致肺动脉高压。该分类对于制订患者的治疗方案具有重要的指导意义。
一、
动脉性肺动脉高压(pulmonary arterial hypertension,PAH )
1.特发性(idiopathic)
2.遗传性(heritable)
⑴骨形成蛋白受体2(bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2,BMPR2)
⑵激活素受体样激酶1(activin receptor-like kinase type 1,ALK1),内皮因子(伴或不伴遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症)[endoglin (with or without hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia)]
⑶未知遗传因素(unknown)
3.药物所致和毒物所致肺动脉高压(drug-and toxin-induced)
4.疾病相关性肺动脉高压(associated with)
⑴结缔组织疾病(connective tissue diseases)
⑵HIV感染(human immunodeficiency virus infection)
⑶门静脉高压(portal hypertension)
⑷先天性心脏病(congenital heart disease)
⑸血吸虫病(schistosomiasis)
⑹慢性溶血性贫血(chronic hemolytic anemia)
5.新生儿持续性肺动脉高压(persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn)
肺静脉闭塞病和(或)肺毛细血管瘤样增生症[pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) and (or) pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis(PCH)]
二、
左心疾病所致肺动脉高压(pulmonary hypertension owing to left heart disease)
1.收缩性心功能不全(systolic dysfunction)
2.舒张性心功能不全(diastolic dysfunction)
3.心脏瓣膜病(valvular heart disease)
三、
肺部疾病和(或)低氧所致肺动脉高压(pulmonary hypertension owing to lung disease and/or hypoxia)
1.慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
2.间质性肺疾病(interstitial lung disease)
3.其他限制性与阻塞性通气障碍并存的肺部疾病(other pulmonary diseases with mixed restrictive and obstructive pattern)
4.睡眠呼吸障碍(sleep-disordered breathing)
5.肺泡低通气(alveolar hypoventilation disorders)
6.长期居住高原环境(chronic exposure to high altitude)
7.肺发育异常(developmental abnormalities)
四、
慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压(chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension,CTEPH)五、
未明多因素机制所致肺动脉高压(pulmonary hypertension with unclear multifactorial mechanisms)
1.血液系统疾病(hematologic disorders):骨髓增生异常(myeloproliferative disorder),脾切除(splenectomy)
2.系统性疾病(systemic disorders):结节病(sarcoidosis),肺郎汉斯细胞组织细胞增多(pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis),淋巴管平滑肌瘤病(lymphangioleiomyomatosis),神经纤维瘤neurofibromatosis,血管炎(vasculitis)
3.代谢性疾病(metabolic disorders:糖原贮积症(glycogen storage disease,戈谢病(Gaucher disease),甲状腺疾病(thyroid disorders)
4.其他(others):肿瘤阻塞(tumoral obstruction),纤维素性纵隔炎(fibrosing mediastinitis),接受透析治疗的慢性肾功能不全(chronic renal failure on dialysis)
动脉性肺动脉高压、肺部疾病或低氧所致的肺动脉高压、CTEPH及未明多因素机制所致肺动脉高压都属于毛细血管前性肺动脉高压,血流动力学特征mPAP≥25mmHg,肺毛细血管楔压(pulmonary capillary wedge pressure,PCWP)或左心室舒张末压<15mmHg。左心疾病所致肺动脉高压属于毛细血管后性肺动脉高压,血流动力学特征mPAP≥25mmHg,PCWP 或左心室舒张末压>5mmHg。肺动脉高压的严重程度可根据静息状态下mPAP水平分为“轻”(26~35mmHg)、“中”(36~45mmHg)、“重”(>45mmHg)三度。