第13章 细胞周期与细胞分裂(英文)

BrdU-labled RKO cells (Red: S phase cells), From Dr. FD Zou
Measure the DNA content with a flow cytometer (fluorescent-activated cell sorter, FACS)
WT
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Anaphase B: The two spindle poles move farther apart.
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
I. Significances
1. For the growth and development of a
multicellular organism, and the generation of offspring,
1. The discovery of the cell cycle
NATURE|VOL 426 | 18/25 DECEMBER 2003 , 759
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
Daughter cells
Cell growth and chromosome replication
Early frog embryo cells Yeast cells Intestinal epithelial cells Human liver cells
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
Why so different? The greatest variation occurs in the duration of G1
1
2
3 From the World of the cell
4
Section 2 Cell Division
M phase—Mitosis and cytokinesis
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
Activated M-Cdk phosphrylates condensin subunits, triggering the assembly of condensin complexes on DNA and condensation of the chromosome.
The condensin can use energy of ATP hydtolysis to promote DNA coiling (in vitro).
(2). G0 cells
Do not divide normally, buБайду номын сангаас divide when stimulus:
liver cells, lymphocytes
(3).Terminally Differentiated cells Highly specialized, have lost the ability to divide until they die.
Formation of the compacted mitotic chromosome
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Condensin 凝缩蛋白
Vincent L. et al., Multiple roles of Condensins: a complex story, Biology of the Cell, 2004, 96: 201– 213 翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
Observe with a mcroscope
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
BrdU-labled epithelia cells of the zebrafish gut. (Green: S phase cells)
Cohesin 黏连蛋白
The sister chromatids are glued together by cohesins.
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
G1
M
G1/S
G2
S
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
Blocking cells in metaphase by 秋水酰素 ?
5. Special cell cycles—the early embryo
30min / cell cycle
Frog Xenopus laevis
Embryo cells
Cycling cells
G0 cells
Terminal cells
?
How to study Cell cycle progression 3. How can we tell what stage an animal cell has reached in the cell cycle?
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编
细胞生物学（第4版） 第13章 细胞周期与细胞分裂
Chapter 13 Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Copyright © 高等教育出版社 2011
Section 1 Cell Cycle
Figure 17-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
果蝇胚胎
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
(2) Selected synchronization
M phase
HeLa cells in culture
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
(3) Blocking DNA synthesis by TdR: G1/S
Microtubule behavior
Three classes of MT
(3) Metaphase
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
The pushing and pulling forces drive the chromosomes to the metaphase plate
细胞学说：
“Where a cell arises, there must be a previous cell, just as animals can only arise from animals and plants from plants.”
德国病理学家 威尔肖
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Nuclear envelope breakdown Microtubules catch chromosomes
• Nuclear envelopes breakdown
(引自翟中和等，2011)
1. Mitosis (Nuclear division)
Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
(1) Prophase
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
小鼠食管上皮细胞 T=115h G1=103h 十二指肠上皮细胞 T=15h G1=6h
2. How many categories of cells in vivo?
(1) Cycling cells
Dividing continuously ?
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
Why so rapidly?
No G1 and G2 phase, S phase is very short
Have little or no need to synthesize components other than DNA during cell division
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
Damaged by UV light
If damaged seriously by X-ray, mouse will die within several days
(From Dr. FD Zou)
II. Overview of the cell cycle
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
(5) Telophase
Formation of the mitotic spindle
Centrosome duplicated at S, and separate to form mitotic spindle at the beginning of prophase
Aster MTs interpolar MTs
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
2. Renew the aging, apoptotic cells, and damaged tissue Red blood cell 120 d. 1011 / d 2 million stem cells divide every second
G1
Interphase间期
S G2
M phase 分裂期
Mitosis & Cytokinesis
(From Alberts et. al.)
2. Different cell cycle length
Cell type
Cell-cycle time
30min 1.5-3h 12h ~1 year
KO
G1/S progression in RKO WT and miR21 knockout cells (From Dr. FD Zou)
4. Synchronization of cell cycle
细胞周期同步化
(1) Natural synchronization
Early embryo in most invertebrates and a few vertebrates
Golgi, ER etc. disperse to form vesicles; kinetochore assembly
(From Cell and Molecular Biology, 2010)
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
(2) Prometaphase
(4) Anaphase
Chromatids separate Migrate to spindle pole
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Anaphase A: The movement of the chromosomes toward the poles; Kinetochore MT disassemble at both ends during anaphase A.