纳米药物载体在医药领域中的研究进展

第29卷第2期济宁医学院学报2006年6月Vol129,No12JOURNAL OF JINING MEDICAL COLLEGE Jun,2006

纳米药物载体在医药领域中的研究进展

钱倩综述王伯瑶审校

(四川大学基础医学与法医学院基础医学系)

纳米本身是个长度单位,1nm等于10-9m,纳米颗粒的粒径比毛细血管通路还要小12个数量级。当一种物质被不断切割至一定程度,其粒子小至纳米量级即为纳米材料。纳米材料往往会产生一些新的理化特性,正是这些特有的特性,使其在药物和基因输送方面有许多优越性:¹许多半衰期短的药物可能需要每天重复给药多次,制备成缓释药物后,将极大延长药物作用时间º能解决口服易水解药物的给药途径问题,大大降低药物与胃蛋白酶等消化酶接触的机会»可进行靶向给药:纳米载体经特殊加工后可达到靶向输送的目的,更加准确地对准组织或器官,减少药物对人体的不良反应¼载药纳米粒可以改变膜转运机制,增加药物对生物膜的透过性,有利于药物透皮吸收与细胞内药物发挥½可在保证药物作用的前提下,减少给药剂量,减少药物的副作用¾可消除特殊生物屏障对药物作用的阻碍¿能携带多种化学药物À载体及其生物学降解产物易被消除。

纳米药物载体在医药领域的应用极为广泛,提高药物的利用率疗效和减少药物的副作用已成为医药研究领域的一项重要课题。一种理想的纳米药物载体应具备以下特征:¹具有较高的载药量,>30%º具有较高的包封率,>80%»制备和纯化方法简便,容易放大至工业化生产¼载体材料可生物降解,毒性较低或没有毒性½具有适当的粒径与粒型¾具有较长的体内循环时间。

1纳米药物的种类

111纳米粒

纳米囊和纳米球统称为纳米粒(nanopar ticles),是直径为10-1000nm的一类聚合物胶体系统,纳米球有高分子基质骨架,药物分散其中。纳米囊由高分子材料形成的外壳和液状(水或油状)内核构成,药物通常被聚合物膜包封在内核层[1]。理想的纳米粒载体是无毒和可生物降解的,纳米粒的特异靶向性使药物和靶基因被定向释放出来,载体则被生物降解,避免在转运过程中在其他组织释放,产生副作用或过早被灭活。用于纳米粒载体研究的生物可降解聚合物主要有合成聚合物如:聚乳酸(PLA)、聚乙醇酸(PGA)、聚己内酯(PCL)、聚乳酸共聚乙醇酸(PL-GA)以及天然高分子材料,如普鲁兰、壳聚糖、明胶、海藻酸钠以及其他亲水性生物可降解聚合物[2]。

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(收稿日期2006-04-20)

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