01SPICE基础分析-2011上
SPICE语法基础PPT课件
SPICE基本语法
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产生随时间阶段变化的信号 Vname node1 node2 PWL t1 V1 t2 V2 < <⋯⋯ ⋯⋯>
例如：V2 Vin 0 PWL 0 0V 1u 1V 5u 0V （输出一个0时刻为0V,1u时为1V，5u时为0V的正弦信号）
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电路仿真
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1.网表标题
SPICE网表格式
2.选项(option)设置 参数(parameter)设置
3.输入激励设置(Stimuli) 电压源、电流源
4.描述电路结构的网表 5.选择要作的分析 6.选择输出信号 7.结束
v2vin0v1u1v5u0v输出一个0时刻为0v1u时为1v5u时为0v的正弦信号产生随时间阶段变化的信集成电路版图设计集成电路版图设计西南科技大学西南科技大学spice元件定义语句集成电路版图设计集成电路版图设计西南科技大学西南科技大学spice集成电路版图设计集成电路版图设计西南科技大学西南科技大学spice分析语句集成电路版图设计集成电路版图设计西南科技大学西南科技大学spice集成电路版图设计集成电路版图设计西南科技大学西南科技大学spice集成电路版图设计集成电路版图设计西南科技大学西南科技大学spice集成电路版图设计集成电路版图设计西南科技大学西南科技大学spice集成电路版图设计集成电路版图设计西南科技大学西南科技大学spice集成电路版图设计集成电路版图设计西南科技大学西南科技大学spice集成电路版图设计集成电路版图设计西南科技大学西南科技大学spice集成电路版图设计集成电路版图设计西南科技大学西南科技大学spice
01-SPICE基础分析
第一章
Hspice简介及基础分析
一、SPICE简介
SPICE：Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis 美国加州大学 Berkeley 分校开发的 SPICE在1988年被定为美国国家标准 比较著名的有：Hspice、Pspice、 Smartspice等
输出结果绘图
性能满足要求？ 最终电路设计方案
（3）电路/系统设计
（4）什么是仿真？
仿真：预测生产出来的电路/或系统的性能
功能仿真 逻辑/门级仿真 开关/晶体管级仿真 电路仿真 器件仿真
（5）电路仿真背景
（6）SPICE仿真算法-DC
（7）SPICE仿真算法-Transient
.end
结束语句
四、SPICE的基础分析
直流与灵敏度分析 暂态分析与时域响应 交流与频率响应分析
1.直流分析
首先求出电路直流工作点，此时电路内的 电感视为短路，电容视为开路。直流分析 会计算出电路的某个输入电源在某一个范 围变化时，则电路内某个元件或节点的输 出变化，我们可以用DC分析的功能来求出 放大器或电路的转移函数，以及寻找Logic 的高低电位切入点。
HSPICE模拟设计
福州大学微电子系—江浩
本课程地位及特点
微电子学专业课 实践性强
本课程概况
微电子学专业：32学时 微电子学卓越班：2周（48学时） 成绩评定： 平时成绩+期末成绩 平时成绩包括：平时出勤，平时实验完成 情况，平时实验报告
课程目标
熟悉电路仿真的基本原理 熟悉HSPICE仿真器的基本使用 建立器件模型的概念 学会使用波形工具的使用 正确分析和设计电路
《spice应用》课件
目前，Spice已经成为了许多虚拟化解决方案的默认 图形协议。
Spice的应用领域
虚拟化平台
Spice常用于虚拟化平台，提供虚 拟机的图形界面，使得用户可以 在远程访问虚拟机时获得与本地 访问相似使用虚拟化技术 来提供计算服务，Spice可以用于 提供虚拟机的图形界面，使得用 户可以在云端运行图形应用程序 。
远程桌面
Spice可以用于远程桌面解决方案 ，使得用户可以在远程访问桌面 时获得与本地访问相似的体验。
Spice的优点和特性
跨平台 高性能 安全性 兼容性
Spice支持多种操作系统和虚拟化平台，可以在不同的平台上使 用。
Spice提供了高效的图形渲染和数据传输机制，使得远程访问虚 拟机的图形界面可以获得较高的性能。
Spice应用
contents
目录
• Spice简介 • Spice的基本原理 • Spice的应用实例 • Spice的未来发展 • 总结与展望
Spice简介
01
Spice的起源和历史
01
Spice起源于20世纪80年代，最初是为了解决远程终 端用户访问主机的图形界面问题而开发的。
02
随着技术的发展，Spice逐渐发展成为一个开源的虚 拟化标准，用于提供虚拟机的图形界面。
扩大应用范围
开源和社区发展有助于扩大Spice的应用范 围，推动其在学术研究、产业应用等领域的 发展。
总结与展望
05
Spice的重要性和影响
技术革新
Spice技术为音频处理领域带来了革新，提供了更高 效、更灵活的音频处理方式。
产业影响
Spice的应用推动了音频处理行业的进步，提高了音 频处理的质量和效率。
Spice技术的标准化和与其他系统的兼容性有待提高。
SPICE仿真基础
1概览2SPICE仿真概览3SPICE仿真回顾4SPICE仿真模型5基础SPICE仿真模型参数6高级SPICE仿真模型参数7SPICE仿真选项8SPICE仿真控制语句9SPICE仿真源类型与参数10Connexions网站上的SPICE仿真课程11SPICE仿真用户指南概览NI公司的SPICE仿真基础系列是您了解电路仿真的免费互联网资源。
该系列是一组关于SPICE仿真、OrCAD pSPICE仿真、SPICE建模以及电路仿真中其他概念的指南和信息。
该系列分解成多篇深入详细的文档，提供了关于SPICE仿真的重要概念和细节的“如何”信息。
电路仿真对于任何一种设计过程都是一个重要的组成部分。
通过仿真您的电路，您可以在过程的早期发现错误，并避免代价昂贵的、极为耗时的重新进行原型构造的工作。
您也可以方便地更换部件以评估不同材料（BOM）的设计方案。
NI Multisim是一个易于使用的、功能强大的、灵活的SPICE仿真环境的范例，它支持教师们教授电路理论，并允许工程师们快速进行拓扑结构设计。
SPICE仿真概览目录1Overview2SPICE Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE)3SPICE Simulation Models and Netlists4 A Tradeoff Between Speed and Accuracy5Using SPICE Simulation6Learning MoreOverviewThe National Instruments SPICE Simulation Fundamentals series is your free resource on the internet for learning about circuit simulation. The series is a set of tutorials and information on SPICE simulation, OrCAD pSPICE compatibility, SPICE modeling, and other concepts in circuit simulation.For more information, see the SPICE Simulation Fundamentals main page.The series is divided among a number of in-depth detailed articles that will give you HOW TO information on the important concepts and details of SPICE simulation.Circuit simulation is an important part of any design process. By simulating your circuits, you can detect errors early in the process, and avoid costly and time consuming prototype reworking. You can also easily swap components to evaluate designs with varying bills of materials (BOMs).SPICE Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE)SPICE is a computer simulation and modeling program used by engineers to mathematically predict the behavior of electronics circuits. Developed at the University of California at Berkeley, SPICE can be used to simulate circuits of almost all complexities. However, SPICE is generally used to predict the behavior of low to mid frequency (DC to around 100MHz) circuits.SPICE Simulation Models and NetlistsSPICE has the ability to simulate components ranging from the most basic passive elements such as resistors and capacitors to sophisticated semiconductor devices such as MESFETs and MOSFETs. Using these intrinsic components as the basic building blocks for larger models, designers and chip manufacturers have been able to define a truly vast and diverse number of SPICE models. Most commercially available simulators include more than 15,000 different components.The quality of SPICE models can vary, and not all SPICE models are applicable to every application. It is important to consider this when using the models supplied with a SPICE simulation package. Using a SPICE model inappropriately can lead to inaccurate results, or even generate an error in some circumstances. One of the most common errors made by even seasoned engineers is confusing a SPICE model with a PSPICE model. PSPICE is a commercially available program that uses proprietary languages to define components and models.A circuit must be presented to SPICE in the form of a netlist. The netlist is a text description of all circuit elements such as transistors and capacitors, and their corresponding connections. Modern schematic capture and simulation tools such as Multisim allow users to draw circuit schematics in a user-friendly environment, and automatically translate the circuit diagrams into netlists. Consider as an example the simple voltage divider circuit below. We include both netlist and corresponding circuit schematic.Voltage Divider Netlist* Any text after the asterisk '*' is ignored by SPICE* V oltage DividervV1 1 0 12rR1 1 2 1000rR2 2 0 2000.OP * perform a DC operating point analysis.ENDVoltage Divider SchematicA Tradeoff Between Speed and AccuracyAlthough the SPICE models used in a SPICE simulation can greatly affect the accuracy of the results, simulation settings also contribute to varying degrees of accuracy. SPICE simulation options generally allow the user to gain more accuracy in the results at the cost of the speed of the simulation.To understand the tradeoff between speed and accuracy in SPICE simulation one must consider a number of factors. SPICE simulation was created over 30 years go and around that time a typical computer had less power than the average microwave oven did thirty years later. Computing power was very expensive. The simulation of a circuit to the highest degree of accuracy could have taken longer and cost more money than building the actual circuit to see the results. Also, consider that the broad purpose of circuit simulation is to augment basic hand calculations and predict general circuit behavior. With these considerations in mind, the designers of SPICE created a program that could produce reasonably accurate results in a cost-effective manner. They also included many options to allow engineers to customize the accuracy of a simulation.As computing power has increased exponentially over the years, so have the complexity of circuit designs being simulated. Speed and accuracy are still important factors to consider when simulating circuits.Using SPICE SimulationSPICE Simulation by itself can be used as a command line or text-based simulation tool. However, to effectively manage large and complex designs that span from simulation through to PCB layoutand routing, several commercial software tools have been built around SPICE and XSPICE including Multisim. Included in Multisim is a graphical user interface to allow quick and efficient schematic capture, and interactive simulation.'Learning MoreTo learn more about SPICE simulation, please see the SPICE Simulation Fundamentals home page.SPICE仿真回顾目录1Overview2SPICE Simulation History3ReferencesOverviewThe National Instruments SPICE Simulation Fundamentals series is your free resource on the internet for learning about circuit simulation. The series is a set of tutorials and information on SPICE simulation, OrCAD pSPICE compatibility, SPICE modeling, and other concepts in circuit simulation.For more information, see the SPICE Simulation Fundamentals main page.The series is divided among a number of in-depth detailed articles that will give you HOWTO information on the important concepts and details of SPICE simulation.Circuit simulation is an important part of any design process. By simulating your circuits, you can detect errors early in the process, and avoid costly and time consuming prototype reworking. You can also easily swap components to evaluate designs with varying bills of materials (BOMs). SPICE simulation has been used for over thirty years to accurately predict the behavior of electronic circuits. Over the years the many revisions of SPICE have seen improvements in both accuracy and speed. In addition to these improvements, additions to the language have allowed simulation and modeling of more complex integrated circuits including MOSFETs.SPICE Simulation HistoryS imulation P rogram with I ntegrated C ircuit E mphasis, or SPICE, has been used for over thirty years. The original implementation of SPICE was developed at the University of California Berkeley campus in the late 1960s. SPICE was developed largely as a derivative of CANCER (Computer Analysis of Nonlinear Circuits, Excluding Radiation) also developed by UC Berkeley. The first widely used version of SPICE was announced in Waterloo, Canada in 1973. Shortly thereafter SPICE was adopted by nearly all major engineering institutions throughout North America. SPICE has evolved into the academic and industry standard for analog and mixed-modecircuit simulation.Over the years additional simulation algorithms, component models, bug fixes, and capabilities were added to the program. Even today SPICE is still the most widely used circuit simulator in the world and as of 2006 the latest version is SPICE 3F5.XSPICE was developed at Georgia Tech as an extension to the SPICE language. XSPICE allows behavioral modeling of components which can drastically improve the speeds of mixed-mode and digital simulations. Multisim from National Instruments is based on SPICE 3F5 and XSPICE and provides additional convergence and speed improvements to complement these powerful simulation languages.ReferencesThe SPICE Book, Andrei Vladimirescu, © 1994 John Wiley & SonsThe Life of SPICE, Laurence W. Nagel, © 1996SPICE仿真模型目录1Overview2What is a SPICE Simulation Model?3Model Makers4Where to look for SPICE Simulation modelsOverviewThe National Instruments SPICE Simulation Fundamentals series is your free resource on the internet for learning about circuit simulation. The series is a set of tutorials and information on SPICE simulation, OrCAD pSPICE compatibility, SPICE modeling, and other concepts in circuit simulation.For more information, see the SPICE Simulation Fundamentals main page.The series is divided among a number of in-depth detailed articles that will give you HOWTO information on the important concepts and details of SPICE simulation.Circuit simulation is an important part of any design process. By simulating your circuits, you can detect errors early in the process, and avoid costly and time consuming prototype reworking. You can also easily swap components to evaluate designs with varying bills of materials (BOMs).An important key to performing accurate and successful SPICE simulation is to use high quality SPICE models. While most circuit simulation packages such as Multisim come with thousands of components and SPICE simulation models, frequently designers need to use a part that does not exist in the available database. When these situations arise, the software tool will typically have a way of adding custom components and models to the database. Multisim for example has adetailed component creation wizard that will guide designers through the process of defining custom parts for simulation and PCB layout (See Creating Custom Components in Multisim).What is a SPICE Simulation Model?A SPICE model is a text-description of a circuit component used by the SPICE Simulator to mathematically predict the behavior of that part under varying conditions. SPICE models range from the simplest one line descriptions of a passive component such as a resistor, to extremely complex sub-circuits that can be hundreds of lines long.SPICE models should not be confused with pSPICE models. pSPICE is a proprietary circuit simulator provided by OrCAD. While some pSPICE models are compatible with SPICE, there is no guarantee. SPICE is the most widely used circuit simulator, and is an open standard.Model MakersSome SPICE simulation programs such as Multisim include model makers to automatically generate SPICE models for various components. Multisim version 10.1 has 24 SPICE Model makers.Where to look for SPICE Simulation modelsThe best place to look for SPICE models is to browse the vendor or manufacturer’s webs ite. Listed below are some of the most popular chip vendors that supply SPICE models on their website.Vendor DescriptionAnalog Devices Amplifiers and Comparators, Analog to Digital Converters, Digital to Analog Converters, Embedded Processing & DSP, MEMS and Sensors, RF/IF Components, Switches/Multiplexers, Analog Microcontrollers, Interface, Power and Thermal ManagementAnalog and RF Models Analog and RF ModelsApex Microtechnology Linear Amplifiers, PWM Amplifiers Christophe Basso Switch-mode power suppliesCoilcraft, Inc.Power Magnetics, RF Inductors, EMI / RFI Filters, Broadband MagneticsDirected Energy Diodes, Switch-mode MOSFETs, HF / VHF Linear MOSFETs, MOSFET Driver ICsDuncan Amps Amplifiers, Vacuum tubesFairchild Semiconductors Amplifiers & Comparators, Diodes & Rectifiers, Interfaces, Digital Logic Devices, Signal Conversion, V oltage to Frequency Converters, Microcontroller, Optoelectronics, Switches, Power Controllers, Power Drivers, Transistors, Filters, V oltage RegulatorsInfineon Technologies AG Fiber Optics, Microcontrollers, Power Semiconductors, Small Signal DiscretesInternational Rectifier HEXFET Power MOSFETs, Diodes, Bridges, Thyristors, Relays, High V oltage ICs, Intelligent Power Modules, Intelligent Power Switch, HiRel Power MOSFETs, HiRel High V oltage Gate DriversKemet Home Page Surface-mount capacitors in aluminum, ceramic and tantalum and leaded capacitors in ceramic and tantalumLinear Technology Signal Conditioning, Data Conversion, Power Management, Interfacing, High Freuqency & OpticalMaxim Amplifiers and Comparators, Analog Switches and Multiplexers, Clocks, Counters, Delay Lines, Oscillators, RTCs, Data Converters, Sample-and-Holds, Digital Potentiometers, Fiber and Communications, Filters (Analog), High-Frequency ASICs, Hot-Swap and Power Switching, Interface and Interconnect, Memories: Volatile, NV, Multi-Function, Thermal Management, Sensors, Sensor Conditioners, V oltage References, Wireless, RF, and CableNational Semiconductor Amplifiers,Power Management, Temp Sensors, Interface, LVDS, Ethernet, USB Technologies, Micro SMDON Semiconductor Power Management, Amplifiers, Comparators, Analog Switches, Thyristors, Diodes, Rectifiers, Bipolar Transistors, FETs, Standard Logic, Differential Logic,Philips Analog/Linear, Audio, Automotive, Connectivity, Data/Media/Video processing, Discretes, Displays, Interface and control, Logic, Microcontrollers, Power and power management, RF, SensorsPolyfet Polyfet transistorsProtek Transient V oltage SuppressionSMPS Power Supplies Switch-mode power supply simulationSMPS Technology Switch-mode power supply designSupertex Mixed signal semiconductor, High-voltage interface productsSTMicroelectronics Amplifiers & Linear,Analog & Mixed Signal ICs, Diodes, EMI Filtering & Conditioning, Logic, Signal Switch, Memories, Microcontrollers, Power Management, Protection Devices, Sensors, Smartcard ICs, Thyristors & AC Switches, TransistorsTexas Instruments Buffers, Drivers and Transceivers, Flip-Flops, Latches and Registers, Gates, Counters, Decoders/Encoders/Multiplexers, Digital ComparatorsTyco Electronics (formerly Amp)Electromechanical components, passive components, power sources, RF & Microwave productsVishay Manufacturer of analog switches, capacitors, diodes, inductors, integrated modules, power ICs, LEDs, power MOSFETs, resistors and thermistors.Zetex DC-DC boost controllers, V oltage references, Current monitors, Motor control, Acoustar™ audio solutions, Linear regulators基础SPICE仿真模型参数目录1Overview2Basic SPICE Simulation Devices3SPICE Model SyntaxOverviewThe National Instrument SPICE Simulation Fundamentals series is your free resource on the internet for learning about circuit simulation. The series is a set of tutorials and information on SPICE simulation, OrCAD pSPICE compatibility, SPICE modeling, and other concepts in circuit simulation.For more information, see the SPICE Simulation Fundamentals main page.The series is divided among a number of in-depth detailed articles that will give you HOWTO information on the important concepts and details of SPICE simulation.Circuit simulation is an important part of any design process. By simulating your circuits, you can detect errors early in the process, and avoid costly and time consuming prototype reworking. You can also easily swap components to evaluate designs with varying bills of materials (BOMs).Basic SPICE Simulation DevicesSPICE includes several different types of electrical components that can be simulated. These range from simple resistors, to sophisticated MESFETs. The table below lists these components and their SPICE syntax.SPICE Model SyntaxParameters in angular parentheses <> are optional. If left unspecified, the default SPICE parameter values will be used.ResistorsSyntax Rname n1 n2 valueExample Rin 2 0 100Notes n1 and n2 are the two element nodes. Value is the resistance (in ohms) and may be positive or negative but not zero.Semiconductor ResistorsSyntax Rname n1 n2 <value> <Mname> <L=Length> <W=Width> <Temp=T>Example Rload 3 7 RMODEL L=10u W=1uNotes This is the more general form of the resistor and allows the modeling of temperature effects and for the calculation of the actual resistance value from strictly geometricinformation and the specifications of the process.CapacitorsSyntax Cname n+ n- value <IC=INCOND>Example Cout 13 0 1UF IC=3VNotes n+ and n- are the positive and negative element nodes, respectively. Value is the capacitance in Farads. The (optional) initial condition is the initial (time-zero) value ofcapacitor voltage (in V olts).Semiconductor CapacitorsSyntax Cname n1 n2 <value> <Mname> <L=Length> <W=Width> <IC=V AL>Example Cfilter 3 7 CMODEL L=10u W=1uNotes This is the more general form of the Capacitor and allows for the calculation of the actual capacitance value from strictly geometric information and the specifications ofthe process.InductorsSyntax Lname n+ n- value <IC=INCOND>Example LSHUNT 23 51 10U IC=15.7MANotes n+ and n- are the positive and negative element nodes, respectively. Value is the inductance in Henries. The (optional) initial condition is the initial (time-zero) valueof inductor current (in Amps) that flows from n+, through the inductor, to n-.Coupled (Mutual) InductorsSyntax Kname Lname1 Lname2 valueExample Kin L1 L2 0.87Notes Lname1 and Lname2 are the names of the two coupled inductors, and V ALUE is the coefficient of coupling, K, which must be greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1.SwitchesSyntax Sname n+ n- nc+ nc- Mname <ON><OFF>Wname n+ n- VNAM MnameL <ON><OFF>Examples Switch1 1 2 10 0 smodel1W1 1 2 vclock switchmod1Notes Nodes n+ and n- are the nodes between which the switch terminals are connected. The model name is mandatory while the initial conditions are optional. For the voltagecontrolled switch, nodes nc+ and nc- are the positive and negative controlling nodesrespectively. For the current controlled switch, the controlling current is that throughthe specified voltage source. The direction of positive controlling current flow is fromthe positive node, through the source, to the negative node.Voltage SourcesSyntax Vname n+ n- <DC<> DC/TRAN V ALUE> <AC <ACMAG <ACPHASE>>> <DISTOF1 <F1MAG <F1PHASE>>> <DISTOF2 <F2MAG <F2PHASE>>> Examples VCC 10 0 DC 6Vin 13 2 0.001 AC 1 SIN(0 1 1MEG)Notes n+ and n- are the positive and negative nodes, respectively. Note that voltage sources need not be grounded. Positive current is assumed to flow from the positive node,through the source, to the negative node. A current source of positive value forcescurrent to flow out of the n+ node, through the source, and into the n- node. V oltagesources, in addition to being used for circuit excitation, are the 'ammeters' for SPICE,that is, zero valued voltage sources may be inserted into the circuit for the purpose ofmeasuring current. They of course have no effect on circuit operation since theyrepresent short-circuits.DC/TRAN is the dc and transient analysis value of the source. If the source value iszero both for dc and transient analyses, this value may be omitted. If the source valueis time-invariant (e.g., a power supply), then the value may optionally be preceded bythe letters DC.Current SourcesSyntax Iname n+ n- <<DC> DC/TRAN V ALUE> <AC <ACMAG <ACPHASE>>> <DISTOF1 <F1MAG <F1PHASE>>> <DISTOF2 <F2MAG <F2PHASE>>> Examples Igain 12 15 DC 1Irc 23 21 0.333 AC 5 SFFM(0 1 1K)Notes ACMAG is the ac magnitude and ACPHASE is the ac phase. The source is set to this value in the ac analysis. If ACMAG is omitted following the keyword AC, a value ofunity is assumed. If ACPHASE is omitted, a value of zero is assumed. If the source isnot an ac small-signal input, the keyword AC and the ac values are omitted.DISTOF1 and DISTOF2 are the keywords that specify that the independent source hasdistortion inputs at the frequencies F1 and F2 respectively (see the description ofthe .DISTO control line). The keywords may be followed by an optional magnitudeand phase. The default values of the magnitude and phase are 1.0 and 0.0 respectively.Linear Voltage-Controlled Current SourcesSyntax Gname n+ n- nc+ nc- valueExample G1 2 0 5 0 0.1MMHONotes n+ andn- are the positive and negative nodes, respectively. Current flow is from the positive node, through the source, to the negative node. nc+ and nc- arethe positive and negative controlling nodes, respectively. VALUE is thetransconductance (in mhos).Linear Voltage-Controlled Voltage SourcesSyntax Ename n+ n- nc+ nc- valueExample E1 2 3 14 1 2.0Notes n+ is the positive node, and n- is the negative node. nc+ and nc- are the positive and negative controlling nodes, respectively. Value is the voltage gain.Linear Current-Controlled Current SourcesSyntax Fname n+ n- Vname valueExample F1 13 5 Vsen 5Notes n+ andn- are the positive and negative nodes, respectively. Current flow is from the positive node, through the source, to the negative node. Vname is the name of avoltage source through which the controlling current flows. The direction of positivecontrolling current flow is from the positive node, through the source, to the negativenode of Vname. Value is the current gain.Linear Current-Controlled Voltage SourcesSyntax Hname n+ n- Vname valueExample Hx1 5 17 Vz 0.5KNotes n+ and n- are the positive and negative nodes, respectively. Vnameis the name of a voltage source through which the controlling current flows. The direction of positivecontrolling current flow is from the positive node, through the source, to the negativenode of Vname. Value is the transresistance (in ohms).Non-linear Dependent SourcesSyntax Bname n+ n- <I=EXPR> <V=EXPR>Example B1 0 1 I=cos(v(1))+sin(v(2))Notes n+ is the positive node, and n- is the negative node. The values of the V and I parameters determine the voltages and currents across and through the device,respectively. If I is given then the device is a current source, and if V is given thedevice is a voltage source. One and only one of these parameters must be given. Thesmall-signal AC behavior of the nonlinear source is a linear dependent source (orsources) with a proportionality constant equal to the derivative (or derivatives) of thesource at the DC operating point.Lossless Transmission LinesSyntax Oname n1 n2 n3 n4 MnameExample O23 1 0 2 0 LOSSYMODNotes This is a two-port convolution model for single-conductor lossy transmission lines. n1 and n2 are the nodes at port 1; n3 and n4 are the nodes at port 2. Note that a lossytransmission line with zero loss may be more accurate than than the losslesstransmission line due to implementation details.Uniform Distributed RC Lines (lossy)Syntax Uname n1 n2 n3 Mname L=LEN <N=LUMPS>Example U1 1 2 0 URCMOD L=50UNotes n1 and n2 are the two element nodes the RC line connects, while n3 is the node to which the capacitances are connected. Mname is the model name, LEN is the length ofthe RC line in meters. Lumps, if specified, is the number of lumped segments to use inmodeling the RC line (see the model description for the action taken if this parameteris omitted).Junction DiodesSyntax Dname n+ n- Mname <Area> <OFF> <IC=VD> <TEMP=T>Example Dfwd 3 7 DMOD 3.0 IC=0.2Notes n+ and n- are the positive and negative nodes, respectively. Mname is the model name, Area is the area factor, and OFF indicates an (optional) starting condition on thedevice for dc analysis.Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)Syntax Qname nC nB nE <nS> Mname <AREA> <OFF> <IC=VBE, VCE> <TEMP=T> Example Q23 10 24 13 QMOD IC=0.6, 5.0Notes nC, nB, andnE are the collector, base, and emitter nodes, respectively. nS is the (optional) substrate node. If unspecified, ground is used. Mname is the modelname, Area is the area factor, and OFF indicates an (optional) initial condition on thedevice for the dc analysis.Junction Field-Effect Transistors (JFET)Syntax Jname nD nG nS Mname <Area> <OFF> <IC=VDS, VGS> <TEMP=T>Example J1 7 2 3 JM1 OFFNotes nD, nG, and nS are the drain, gate, and source nodes, respectively. Mname is the model name, Area is the area factor, and OFF indicates an (optional) initialcondition on the device for dc analysis.MOSFETsSyntax Mname ND NG NS NB MNAME <L=V AL> <W=V AL> <AD=V AL> <AS=V AL> <PD=V AL> <PS=V AL> <NRD=V AL> <NRS=V AL> <OFF> <IC=VDS, VGS, VBS><TEMP=T>Example M31 2 17 6 10 Mname L=5U W=2UNotes nD, nG, nS, and nB are the drain, gate, source, and bulk (substrate) nodes, respectively. Mname is the model name. L and W are the channel length and width,in meters. AD and AS are the areas of the drain and source diffusions, in 2meters . Note that the suffix U specifies microns (1e-6 m) 2 and P sq-microns(1e-12 m ). If any of L, W, AD, or AS are not specified, default values are used. MESFETsSyntax Zname nD nG nS Mname <Area> <OFF> <IC=VDS, VGS>Example Z1 7 2 3 ZM1 OFFNotes nD, nG, andnS are the drain, gate, and source nodes, respectively. Mname is the model name, Area is the area factor, and OFF indicates an (optional) initialcondition on the device for dc analysis.高级SPICE仿真模型参数OverviewThe National Instruments SPICE Simulation Fundamentals series is your free resource on the internet for learning about circuit simulation. The series is a set of tutorials and information on SPICE simulation, OrCAD pSPICE compatibility, SPICE modeling, and other concepts in circuit simulation.For more information, see the SPICE Simulation Fundamentals main page.The series is divided among a number of in-depth detailed articles that will give you HOWTO information on the important concepts and details of SPICE simulation.Circuit simulation is an important part of any design process. By simulating your circuits, you candetect errors early in the process, and avoid costly and time consuming prototype reworking. You can also easily swap components to evaluate designs with varying bills of materials (BOMs).Advanced Model ParametersThe SPICE language can model many sophisticated real world effects such as the result of temperature variations on a component.The attached document lists the detailed model parameters for all the native SPICE models.Downloadsadvanced_model_parameters.xlsSPICE仿真选项目录1Overview2What are SPICE Simulation Options?3 A Tradeoff Between Speed and Accuracy4Changing SPICE Simulation Options5 A Listing of SPICE Simulation Options6SPICE2 Emulation ModeOverviewThe National Instruments SPICE Simulation Fundamentals series is your free resource on the internet for learning about circuit simulation. The series is a set of tutorials and information on SPICE simulation, OrCAD pSPICE compatibility, SPICE modeling, and other concepts in circuit simulation.For more information, see the SPICE Simulation Fundamentals main page.The series is divided among a number of in-depth detailed articles that will give you HOWTO information on the important concepts and details of SPICE simulation.Circuit simulation is an important part of any design process. By simulating your circuits, you can detect errors early in the process, and avoid costly and time consuming prototype reworking. You can also easily swap components to evaluate designs with varying bills of materials (BOMs).What are SPICE Simulation Options?SPICE simulation can help to predict the behaviour of electronic circuits of almost any complexity. The SPICE simulator will execute a desired transient, DC, AC or other simulation based on the parameters of the simulation (e.g. length of time, start/stop frequencies, initial conditions, etc.) and。
第5章集成电路元器件及其SPICE模型ppt课件
金属叉指结构电容
优点：不需要额 外的工艺。
特征尺寸急剧降 低，金属线条的 宽度和厚度之比 大大减小，叉指 的侧面电容占主 导地位。
PN结电容
❖ 利用PN结电容的优点也是不需要额外的工艺，但所 实现的电容有一个极性问题。
❖耗尽区
❖反型区
G
Co 沟道 Cdep
Vss
G ++++++
沟道 耗尽层 P型衬底
Vss
（a）物理结构
tox d
Cgb Co 积累区
耗尽区
1.0
反型区
（b）电容与Vgs的函数关系 0.2
0
Vgs
三、集成电感
在集成电路开始出现以后很长一段时间内， 人们一直认为电感是不能集成在芯片上的。因 为那时集成电路工作的最高频率在兆赫量级， 芯片上金属线的电感效应非常小。现在的情况 就不同了，首先，近二十年来集成电路的速度 越来越高，射频集成电路（RFIC）已经有了很 大的发展，芯片上金属结构的电感效应变得越 来越明显。芯片电感的实现成为可能。
在设计电路的时候需要非常准确地 预测出电路的性能。为了做到这一点， 需要对电路尽可能地进行精确的性能分 析（Analysis）。因为集成电路元器件 无法用实物构建，必须首先建立器件模 型，然后对用这些元器件模型所设计的 集成电路进行以分析计算为基础的电路 仿真（Simulation）。
在集成电路的晶体管级仿真方面， SPICE是主要的电路仿真程序，并已成为 工业标准。因此，集成电路设计工程师， 特别是模拟和数字混合信号集成电路设计 工程师必须掌握SPICE的应用。
Spice学习文档
Spice学习文档SPICE简介SPICE(Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environment独立计算环境简单协议)是一项高性能、动态的自适应远程呈现技术，能为终端用户带来和物理桌面个人计算机难以区分的体验。
SPICE是为远程访问虚拟化桌面而专门设计和创建，它是使用redhat企业虚拟化桌面版时，将用户连接至虚拟化桌面的协议。
与Microsoft的RDP和Citrix的ICA旧协议不同，SPICE是以多层架构为基础，旨在满足目前桌面用户的丰富多媒体需求。
设计的核心是实现对用户端设备(CPU、RAM等)或主机虚拟服务器上可用系统资源的智能访问。
作为访问的结果，协议会以动态方式判定是在客户端设备上还是在主机服务器上对桌面应用程序进行呈现，从而在任何网络条件下都能生成最佳用户体验。
优势：1.超群的用户体验SPICE 可充分利用终端用户客户端设备的系统资源以呈现资源密集型应用程序、远程桌面可实现近似于在本地安装环境时的功能。
这种方式产生了极佳效果，尤其是在更具挑战性应用方面，如音频、视频和其他形式多媒体，这些一度曾是效果较差或甚至无法利用虚拟桌面解决方案进行观看。
2.降低部署成本和支出费用通过利用本地客户端的系统资源，在可用情况下，它可即时释放主机虚拟服务器上的重要系统资源。
其结果是实现主机服务器上最高的虚拟机密度，极大地释放了主机服务器系统资源，并可运行更多虚拟机，和其他备选解决方案相比，使企业只需要购买和支持较少的服务器硬件。
3.确保数据安全性红帽企业虚拟化桌面版具有一项可选功能，可充分加密SPICE 连接终端用户的客户端设备与桌面虚拟机之间的端对端SSL（安全套接层）通道。
这一安全通道确保无论客户端设备用户在何处对其桌面进行访问，客户端和主机服务器之间的数据链接都能受到保护。
4.连接任何USB 设备今天大多数桌面用户在他们的本地桌面PC 上连接各种各样的USB 设备。
LTspice一简介（中文教程）
LTspice⼀简介（中⽂教程）免费电路图仿真软件LTspice ⼀简介（中⽂教程）欢迎转载，转载请说明出处-DPJ关键字：PSpice 仿真，电路图，LTspice仿真，pspice模型，spice，电路仿真，功放电路图仿真，信号放⼤仿真1. LTspice 电路仿真软件简介LTspice 电路图仿真软件简介（⽀持PSpice和Spice库的导⼊）LTspiceIV 是⼀款⾼性能Spice III 仿真器、电路图捕获和波形观测器，并为简化开关稳压器的仿真提供了改进和模型。
我们对Spice 所做的改进使得开关稳压器的仿真速度极快，较之标准的Spice 仿真器有了⼤幅度的提⾼，从⽽令⽤户只需区区⼏分钟便可完成⼤多数开关稳压器的波形观测。
这⾥可下载的内容包括⽤于80% 的凌⼒尔特开关稳压器的Spice 和Macro Model，200 多种运算放⼤器模型以及电阻器、晶体管和MOSFET 模型。
在电路图仿真过程中,其⾃带的模型往往不能满⾜需求,⽽⼤的芯⽚供应商都会提供免费的SPICE模型或者PSpice模型供下载,LTspice可以把这些模型导⼊LTSPICE中进⾏仿真。
甚⾄⼀些⼚商已经开始提供LTspice模型，直接⽀持LTspice的仿真。
这是其免费SPICE 电路仿真软件LTspice/SwitcherCADIII所做的⼀次重⼤更新。
这也是LTspice 电路图仿真软件在欧洲，美国和澳⼤利亚，中国⼴为流传的根本原因。
LTspice IV 具有专为提升现有多内核处理器的利⽤率⽽设计的多线程求解器。
另外，该软件还内置了新型SPARSE 矩阵求解器，这种求解器采⽤汇编语⾔，旨在接近现⽤FPU (浮点处理单元) 的理论浮点计算限值。
当采⽤四核处理器时，LTspice IV 可将⼤中型电路的仿真速度提⾼3 倍，同等设置的精度，电路仿真时间远远⼩于PSpice的计算时间（本来你要等待3个⼩时，现在⼀个⼩时就结束了）。
spice课程设计报告总结
spice课程设计报告总结一、教学目标本课程的教学目标是使学生掌握XX学科的基本概念、原理和方法，能够运用所学知识解决实际问题。
具体分为三个维度：1.知识目标：学生能够准确理解并记忆XX学科的基本概念、原理，了解学科的发展历程和现状。
2.技能目标：学生能够运用所学知识分析和解决实际问题，具备一定的实践操作能力。
3.情感态度价值观目标：学生培养对XX学科的兴趣和热情，树立科学的世界观和价值观。
在教学过程中，我们将根据学生的实际情况，有针对性地进行教学，确保每个学生都能达到上述目标。
二、教学内容本课程的教学内容主要包括XX学科的基本概念、原理和方法，以及相关实际应用案例。
具体分为以下几个部分：1.XX学科的基本概念和原理：通过讲解和案例分析，使学生掌握XX学科的基本概念和原理。
2.XX学科的方法：介绍XX学科的研究方法，让学生了解并学会运用这些方法。
3.实际应用案例：分析XX学科在实际生活中的应用，帮助学生理解学以致用的道理。
教学过程中，我们将按照教材的章节和内容进行安排，确保教学内容的科学性和系统性。
三、教学方法为了激发学生的学习兴趣和主动性，我们将采用多种教学方法进行教学，包括讲授法、讨论法、案例分析法、实验法等。
具体使用哪种教学方法，将根据教学内容和学生的实际情况来决定。
四、教学资源我们将选择和准备适当的教学资源，包括教材、参考书、多媒体资料、实验设备等。
这些教学资源将支持教学内容和教学方法的实施，丰富学生的学习体验。
五、教学评估本课程的评估方式包括平时表现、作业、考试等。
评估方式应客观、公正，能够全面反映学生的学习成果。
具体评估方法如下：1.平时表现：通过课堂参与、提问、小组讨论等环节，评估学生的学习态度和积极性。
2.作业：布置适量作业，评估学生对所学知识的理解和运用能力。
3.考试：定期进行考试，全面评估学生的知识掌握和运用能力。
教学评估过程中，我们将根据学生的实际情况进行调整，确保评估结果的公正性和准确性。
Spice基本语法 -
•无源器件：电阻、电感、电容1、电阻RXXX n1 n2 <mname> <R=>resistance <AC=val> 电阻值可以是表达式。
例：R1 1 2 10KRac 9 8 1 AC=1e10Rterm input gnd R=’sqrt(HERTZ) ’2、电容CXXX n1 n2 <mname> <C=>capacitance例：C1 1 2 1pF3、电感LXXX n1 n2 <L=>inductance例：L1 1 2 1nH•有源器件：Diode、BJT、JEFET、MOSFET1、Diode（二极管）DXXX N+ N- MNAME<AREA> <OFF> <IC=VD>可选项：AREA是面积因子，OFF是直流分析所加的初始条件，IC=VD 是瞬态初始条件注：模型中的寄生电阻串联在正极端2、BJT（双极性晶体管）QXXX NC NB NE <NS> MNAME<AREA> <OFF> <IC=VBE,VCE>NC、NB、NE、NS分别是集电极、基极、发射极和衬底节点，缺省时NS接地。
后面与二极管相同。
3、JFET（结型场效应晶体管）JXXX ND NG NS MNAME<AREA> <OFF> <IC=VDS,VGS>4、MOSFET（MOS场效应晶体管）MXXX ND NG NS NB MNAME <L=VAL> <W=VAL> <Other options>M为元件名称，ND、NG、NS、NB分别是漏、栅、源和衬底节点。
MNAME是模型名，L沟道长，W为沟道宽。
•子电路1、子电路定义开始语句.SUBCKT SUBNAM <node1 node2…>其中，SUBNAM为子电路名，node1…为子电路外部节点号，不能为零。
spice教程1
Second Sweep 参数分析(Parametric Sweep) 温度分析(Temperature Sweep) 最坏情况分析(Worst case) 蒙特卡洛分析(Monte Carlo)
运行Pspice的基本步骤
A.
B. o o o
启动 OrCAD Capture 新建一个工程（File>New >Project …)， 设置工程的类型为: Analog or Mixed-signal Circuit 为这个工程 起一个名字 选择设计项 目的存储位置
代表的意思 直流偏移量 振幅 频率 延迟时间 阻尼系数 相位延迟 默认单位 V或A V或A Hz S 1/S 度
属性名 VOFF 或 IOFF VAMPL 或 IAMPL FREP TD DF PHASE
例子：以VSIN为例 设置VOFF=1V，Frep=1meg VAMPL=2V， TD=1us, DF=100K，PHASE=0; 则VSIN的波形为：
编写VHDL （EXPRESS） 绘制电路图 （CAPTURE） 进行电路混合仿真 （PSPICE A/D） 设计电路板 （LAYOUT）
VHDL仿真 （EXPRESS）
运用 PSpice 的基本条件
1.待仿真的元器件模型必须是PSpice的仿 真模型 2.电路中应该含有激励源，并且符合相应 的电路特性分析类型的要求 3.必须设置好合适的电路特性分析类型
运行Pspice的基本步骤
激活管理视窗，菜单下的工具栏将会增加一排与 PSpice有关的快捷键。
其他类型的capture视窗
数模混合仿真类型的capture视窗
C.绘制电路图 绘制方法和绘制其它电路图是一样的，但必 须采用PSpice库中的元器件才可以进行仿真 D.建立仿真文件 激活工程管理视窗，此时菜单下工具栏中的 的 键将会显现。点击此键建立新的仿真 文件，编辑已有的仿真文件可以点击 键 E.运行仿真文件 ，点击 键，
《概论SPICE软》课件
SPICE提供各种电子元件（如电阻、电容、电感、二极管、晶体管等）的精确模型，以便准 确仿真和分析电路性能。
模拟和混合信号仿真
SPICE软件支持模拟电路和混合信号电路的仿真，通过模型和算法实现准确的信号分析和系 统级测试。
SPICE软件的优势和局限性
1
优势
SPICE软件具有高度准确性、可靠性和灵
特点和用途
应用领域
SPICE软件具有高度准确性和灵 活性，可用于设计、调试和优化 各种电子电路，从微小的集成电 路到复杂的模拟和混合信号电路。
SPICE软件在电子设计自动化 （EDA）、集成电路设计和验证、 信号完整性分析、电力系统仿真 等领域广泛应用。
SPICE的基本原理和模型
电路仿真原理
SPICE软件基于电路方程和模型，利用数值方法模拟电子器件行为，包括电流、电压、功率 等关键参数。
《概论SPICE软》PPT课件
本课件将介绍SPICE软件的定义、背景、特点和用途，以及应用领域、基本原 理和模型。 同时，我们将探讨SPICE软件的优势和局限性，以及未来的发义和背景
SPICE（Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Em p h a s is ）是一种电路仿真软 件，用于分析和验证电子电路的 行为。
局限性
2
活性，能够帮助工程师快速设计和优化 电子电路，降低开发成本和时间。
SPICE软件在处理极大规模集成电路
（VLSI）和大型电力系统等复杂电路时可
能面临计算效率和存储容量的挑战。
3
未来发展和趋势
随着科技的进步，SPICE软件将继续发展， 引入更高级的仿真算法和优化工具，以 应对电子设计的不断挑战。
01-SPICE基础分析
3.交流小信号分析
.AC：定义出使用者在电路分析时所指定的扫描 频率范围、扫描取样形态和点数，以及罗特卡罗 分析次数 .DISTO：计算线路在交流弦式稳态分析下的失真 特性。 .NOISE：基于电路直流操作点的条件下，用来计 算交流节点电压复数值。 .SAMPLE：采样噪声分析 .NETWORK：计算阻抗矩阵、导纳矩阵、混合矩 阵及散射矩阵参数。
第一章
Hspice简介及基础分析
一、SPICE简介
SPICE：Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis 美国加州大学 Berkeley 分校开发的 SPICE在1988年被定为美国国家标准 比较著名的有：Hspice、Pspice、 Smartspice等
.MEASURE:
- TRIG和TARG的格式
TRIG trig_var VAL=trig_val <TD=time_delay> <CROSS=c> + <RISE=r> <FALL=f> 或 TRIG AT=val TARG targ_var VAL=targ_val <TD=time_delay> + <CROSS=c|LAST> <RISE=r|LAST> <FALL=f|LAST>
.end
结束语句
四、SPICE的基础分析
直流与灵敏度分析 暂态分析与时域响应 交流与频率响应分析
1.直流分析
首先求出电路直流工作点，此时电路内的 电感视为短路，电容视为开路。直流分析 会计算出电路的某个输入电源在某一个范 围变化时，则电路内某个元件或节点的输 出变化，我们可以用DC分析的功能来求出 放大器或电路的转移函数，以及寻找Logic 的高低电位切入点。
LTSpice学习笔记教学教材
LTSpice学习笔记教学教材LTspice1.变压器仿真的简单步骤：A.为每个变压器绕组绘制⼀个电感器B.采⽤⼀个互感(K) 描述语句通过⼀条SPICE 指令对其实施耦合：K1 L1 L2 1K 语句的最后⼀项是耦合系数，其变化范围介于0 和1 之间，1 代表没有漏电感。
对于实际电路，建议您采⽤耦合系数= 1 作为起点。
每个变压器只需要⼀个K 语句；LTspice 为⼀个变压器内部的所有电感器应⽤了单⼀耦合系数。
下⾯所列是上述语句的等效语句:K1 L1 L2 1K2 L2 L3 1K3 L1 L3 1C.采⽤“移动” (F7)、“旋转” (Ctrl + R) 和“镜像” (Ctrl + E) 命令来调节电感器位置以与变压器的极性相匹配。
添加K 语句可显⽰所含电感器的调相点。
D.LTspice 采⽤个别组件值(在本场合中为个别电感器的电感) ⽽⾮变压器的匝数⽐进⾏变压器的仿真。
电感⽐与匝数⽐的对应关系如下：电感⾄匝数⽐例如：对于1:3 和1:2 的匝数⽐，输⼊电感值以产⽣1:9 和1:4 的⽐值：2.⼀般来说压是对地，如果你想知某元件俩端的电压该如何呢？设⼀参考点，先点⼩⼈，然后在电路图的空⽩处点右键，找⿊⽩电笔Set probe reference，也可从VIEW找。
按键盘上ESC可去⿊⽩电笔。
3.Die Impulsantwort 脉冲响应。
4.To create an LTspice model of a given MOSFET, you need the original datasheet and the pSPICE model of that MOSFET.The parameters needed to define a MOSFET in LTspice are as follows:Rg Gate ohmic resistanceRd Drain ohmic resistance (this is NOT the RDSon, but the resistance of the bond wire)Rs Source ohmic resistance.Vto Zero-bias threshold voltage.Kp –Transconductance coefficientLambda Change in drain current with VdsCgdmax Maximum gate to drain capacitance.Cgdmin Minimum gate to drain capacitance.Cgs Gate to source capacitance.Cjo Parasitic diode capacitance.Is Parasitic diode saturation current.Rb Body diode resistance.Rg, Rd and Rs are the resistances of the bond wires connecting the die to the package.Vto is the turn on voltage of the MOSFET.Kp is the transconductance of the MOSFET. This determines the drain current that flows for a given gate source voltage. Lambda is the change in drain current with drain source voltage and is used with Kp to determine theRDSon.Cgdmax and Cgdmin are the minimum and maximum values of the gate drain capacitance and are normally graphed in the MOSFET datasheet as Crss. The capacitance of a capacitor is inversely proportional to the distance between its plates. When the MOSFET is turned on, distance between the gate and the conducting channel of the drain is equal to the thickness of the insulating gate oxide layer (which is small) so the gate drain capacitance is high. When the MOSFET is turned off, the gate drain region is large, making the gate drain capacitance low. This can be seen on the plot of Crss.Cgs is the gate source capacitance. Although it changes slightly with gate source voltage, LTspice assumes it is constant.Is is the parasitic body diode saturation current.Rb is the series resistance of the body diode.The Fairchild FDS6680A MOSFET is defined in LTspice by the line.model FDS6680A VDMOS(Rg=3 Rd=5m Rs=1m Vto=2.2 Kp=63 Cgdmax=2n Cgdmin=1n Cgs=1.9n Cjo=1n Is=2.3p Rb=6m mfg=Fairchild Vds=30 Ron=15m Qg=27n)Note: the characteristics Vds, Ron and Qg are actually ignored by LTspice. These are only added to aid the user to compare MOSFETs.Therefore an example template MOSFET model is.model XXXX VDMOS(Rg= Rd=5 Rs=1 Vto= Kp= Cgdmax= Cgdmin= Cgs= Cjo= Is= Rb= )We are now going to construct a MOSFET model for the SUM75N06 and SUM110N04 low ON resistance MOSFETs from Vishay.model SUM75N06-09L VDMOS(Rg=1.5 Rd=0m Rs=25m Vto=2.0 Kp=75 Cgdmax=1.2n Cgdmin=150p Cgs=2n Cjo=1.2nIs=1p Rb=0).model SUM110N04 VDMOS(Rg=1.5 Rd=0m Rs=0.86m Vto=1.85 Kp=180 Cgdmax=3n Cgdmin=900pCgs=14.5n Cjo=4.9n Is=33.4p Rb=0)The SPICE models can then be testing using these test jigs:RDSon test jig为了测试MOSFET的R DSON，在LTspice中导⼊测试电路。
SPICE第01讲-原理图绘制
整理ppt
使用empty.opj模板
5
▪ 一般来说，要选中第一项Create Based upon an existing project，在其下拉选框 中，选择Empty.opj。
▪ 单击OK, 就会出现项目管理窗口。在File标 签中，有Design Resources（设计资源） 项目名.dsn SCHEMATIC1PAGE1， 双击PAGE1，电路图绘制窗口就出现了。
交流电压源、电流源 ▪ SPECIAL：一些特殊元件：如电压表、电
流表
整理ppt
11
▪ 如果我们选择了放置元件后，则可以一直 放置元件，直到我们
▪ （1）按下ESC; ▪ （2）按下右键，选择End Mode.
▪ 在place状态，可以按R键，旋转元件90度
整理ppt
12
▪ 在放置元件的状态下，单击右键，弹 出如下的选项：
整理ppt
13
放置偏置电源
▪ 放置偏置电源： Place Power，或者单 击右侧绘图工具栏第八个图标，或者利用 快捷键F或Shift+F。
整理ppt
14
整理ppt Power
15
放置接地符号
▪ Place Ground，或者单击右侧绘图工具 栏第九个图标，或者利用快捷键G或 Shift+G。
Document) 3. 快捷方式：Alt+F, N, P ▪ 在New Project窗口中，Name框中填入所
要的文件名，选中“Analog or Mixed A/D”; ▪ 选取适当路径 Location ▪ 点击OK, 弹出Cre整a理tppet Pspice Project 4
项目名称 选中
▪ 要注意的是：画电路图一定要放置零节点， 原因在于Spice是用改进的节点法列写方程 的。只有指定零节点才能保证方程是独立 的。零节点在Place Ground里面的 source库，0
spice入门
红帽Spice入门1.IntroductionSPICE（独立计算环境的简单协议）-Simple Protocol for independent Computing EnvironmentSpice是一个开放的远程计算解决方案，使得客户端可以访问远程机器桌面和设备（比如键盘，鼠标，audio和USB）。
通过Spice我们可以像使用本地计算机一样访问远程机器，这样可以把CPU GPU密集工作从客户端移交给远程高性能机器。
Spice适用于LAN和WAN，并且不会损害用户体验Spice项目提供了和虚拟桌面进行交互的解决方案，并且是完全开源的。
Spice项目可以处理虚拟设备（后端back-end）和前端front-end。
在前端和后端间通过VDI(Virtual Device Interfaces)进行交互。
2.Basic ArchitectureSpice由三个基本部分组成：Spice协议，Spice server和Spice client。
2.1Graphic Commands Flow上图显示Spice的基本架构，以及guest到client之间传送的graphic命令数据流当Guest OS上一个user应用请求OS图形引擎执行一个渲染操作。
图形引擎传送命令给QXL驱动，QXL驱动会把OS命令转换为QXL命令然后推送到QXL设备的commands RIng 缓冲中。
commands Ring是QXL Device中的一个队列。
Libspice会从这个commands Ring 取得命令数据，然后加到graphics命令树上。
显示树上包含一组操作命令，这些命令的执行会产生显示内容。
这棵树可以优化掉那些会被覆盖掉的命令，命令树还用来检测video数据流。
当命令从libspice的发送队列发送给客户端时，发送命令被转换为Spice协议消息，同时这个命令从发送队列和树上移除。
当libspice不再需要一个命令时，它被推送到release ring。
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5、输出语句
.PRINT:在输出的list文件中印数字的分析结果，如
果.OPTIONS中有POST则同时输出到post-processor中。 .PLOT:在输出的list文件中打印低分辨率的曲线（由ASCII 字符组成）,如果.OPTIONS中有POST则同时输出到postprocessor中。 .GRAPH：生成用于打印机或PostScript格式的高分辨率曲线。 .PROBE:把数据输出到post-processor，而不输出到list文 件。 .MEASURE:输出用户定义的分析结果到mt0文件，如 果.OPTIONS中有POST则同时输出到post-processor中。 .OP, .TF, .NOISE, .SENS和.FOUR都提供直接输出功能。
.MEASURE:
包括以下测量模式：
Rise, fall, and delay Find-when Equation evaluation Average, RMS, min, max, and peak-to-peak Integral evaluation Derivative evaluation Relative error
例：.TRAN .1NS 25NS 1NS 40NS START=10NS 0－25ns，步长0.1ns,25ns-40ns,步长1ns;从10ns开始输出 结果。 .TRAN 0.1NS 100NS $以0.1ns的步长输出到100ns
.FOUR 傅立叶分析
.FOUR freq ov1 <ov2 ov3 ...> Freq－基频，ov1、ov2···－输出变量 傅立叶分析可得到基频、DC分量和第2到第9次谐 波（交流分量）
3.交流小信号分析
.AC：定义出使用者在电路分析时所指定的扫描 频率范围、扫描取样形态和点数，以及罗特卡罗 分析次数 .DISTO：计算线路在交流弦式稳态分析下的失真 特性。 .NOISE：基于电路直流操作点的条件下，用来计 算交流节点电压复数值。 .SAMPLE：采样噪声分析 .NETWORK：计算阻抗矩阵、导纳矩阵、混合矩 阵及散射矩阵参数。
.AC 交流小信号分析
交流小信号分析时，HSPICE将交流输出变 量作为指定频率的函数来加以分析计算。 分析时HSPICE首先求直流工作点，作为交 流分析的初始条件，这时HSPICE将电路中 所有的非线性器件变换成线性小信号模型， 电容和电感则被换算成相应的导纳值： Yc=jwc和YL=1/jwL
一、SPICE概述
电路/系统设计
什么是仿真？
电路仿真
SPICE背景知识
SPICE：Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis 是加州大学（Berkeley）分校开发的 SPICE在1988年被定为美国国家标准 比较著名的有：Hspice、Pspice、 Smartspice等
.MEASURE <DC|AC|TRAN> result TRIG … TARG …
.MEASURE:
Rise，Fall，Delay模式：
.MEASURE <DC|AC|TRAN> result TRIG … TARG … Result－测量结果的名字， TRIG … TARG －起始···中 止（依分析内容不同可是时刻、频率···）
例：.print ac vm(4,2) vr(7) vp(7)
.PLOT:.PLOT antype ov1 <(plo1,phi1)> … <ov32> + <(plo32,phi32)>
(plo1,phi1)－ov1绘图的上下限。
.PROBE: .PROBE antype ov1 … <ov32> 元件电流引用：BJT: I1(Qx)-Ic，I2 （Qx)-Ib, I3(Qx)-Ie, I4(Qx)-衬底电流； MOS:I1(Mx)-Id, I2(Mx)-Ig, I3(Mx)-Is, I4(Mx)-衬底电流。
.end
结束语句
四、SPICE的基础分析
直流与灵敏度分析 暂态分析与时域响应 交流与频率响应分析
1.直流分析
首先求出电路直流工作点，此时电路内的 电感视为短路，电容视为开路。直流分析 会计算出电路的某个输入电源在某一个范 围变化时，则电路内某个元件或节点的输 出变化，我们可以用DC分析的功能来求出 放大器或电路的转移函数，以及寻找Logic 的高低电位切入点。
.OP：直流工作点分析
会在输出文件中列出一些直流参数和各结点 的工作点电压与支路电流、静态功耗。
.SENS ov1 <ov2 ...>：小信号灵敏度分析
Ov1,ov2是做灵敏度分析的支路电流或节点电压。 计算给出输出变量对于每个电路参数的偏导，并做 归一化。同一输出变量对所有电路参数的灵敏度和 为100％
二、Hspice是什么？——从设计流程说起
简单电路正向设计的典型流程
1. 功能定义 2. 行为设计 3. 逻辑级电路设计——得到由基本逻辑单元组 成的电路（数字电路） 4. 逻辑级仿真（迭代） 5. 选择合适的工艺库。把各基本功能单元映射 至其上；或设计各单元晶体管级电路——得 到电路级网表
二、Hspice是什么？——从设计流程说起
输出结果绘图
性能满足要求？ 最终电路设计方案
三、Hspice核心功能特色
四、Hspice特殊功能探讨
极佳的收敛性 可应用于单晶片集成电路设计或印制电路 板上的电路设计 各类模型的提供 元件及模型参数调整（scaling) 蒙特卡罗分析 参数化电路元的特性化 元件及电路元的特性
传输线的应用 最优化（元件及电路） 元件及IC模型库 图形化的处理 极/零点分析 新的半导体元件模型 模型化及分析技巧应用
HSPICE数据流
五、Hspice的输入----实例说明
1. Hspice输入程序结构
SPICE网表
例（The Star-Hspice netlist for the RC network circuit） ： .title A SIMPLE AC RUN .OPTIONS LIST NODE POST .OP .AC DEC 10 1K 1MEG .PRINT AC V(1) V(2) I(R2) I(C1) V1 1 0 10 AC 1 R1 1 2 1K R2 2 0 1K C1 2 0 .001U .END
.NOISE
噪声分析
用来计算各个器件的噪声对输出节点的影响并给出 其均方根并输出，可完成.AC语句规定的各频率的计 算，应在.AC分析之后。
.NOISE ovv srcnam inter Ovv－输出变量，srcnam－输入源，inter－频率间隔 例：.title ac sweep example
暂态分析又称为时域分析，也就是计算电 路在某一个输出变数的响应。
2.暂态分析
.TRAN：在指定时间范围中计算电路的解， 即所谓的时间扫描。 .FOUR：执行傅立叶分析
.TRAN 瞬态分析流程
.TRAN 瞬态分析
.TRAN TSTEP TSTOP <TSTART> <UIC>
起始时刻和步长都指的是输出打印的时刻点，计算的时间步 长由hspice自己决定。UIC参数表示使用.IC语句指定的节 点初始值。
1.直流分析
.DC：设定电源、温度、参数值及直流转移曲线 的扫描范围 .OP：计算在特定时间或多时间点条件下的操作 点情况 .PZ：极/零点分析 .SENS：计算电路中指定的输出变量相对于线路 其他元件参数的直流小信号敏感程度 .TF：计算特定输出变量对输入源的直流小信号转 移函数。
.PZ：极/零点分析
用它的网络传输函数来描述，对于任何线 性时间恒定的网络，其传输函数表示为:
利用极/零点，系统的传输函数可表示为：
.TF：小信号转移函数
一般形式：.TF ov srcnam
*ov是输出变量，srcnam是输入源。 .TF V(5,3) VIN 计算V(5,3)/VIN
2.暂态分析
6. 电路级仿真：验证各单元电路是否具有期望的 功能，性能估计。（迭代） 7. 版图设计、DRC, LVS 8. 提取版图网表，进行后仿真：验证功能，估计 性能。（迭代） Hspice主要应用于电路级仿真、 （稳态、瞬态、 频域）分析。可以辅助调整电路参数。得到功 耗、延时等性能估计。
使用SPICE所需的基础知识
.PRINT：.PRINT antype ov1 <ov2 … ov32>
Antype－AC/DC/TRAN； Ovi：输出变量，可以有以下形式： V（1） 节点1的电平，v（1，2）1、2间的电压，V（R1） 电阻R1的电压； VM（1）v1的幅值，VR（1）v1的实部，VI（1）v1的虚 部，VP（1） v1的相位，VDB（1）v1的分贝值； （电流与以上类似）； INOISE,ONOISE;
第一章
Hspice简介及基础分析
本课程的目标
电路仿真的基本原理 HSPICE基本仿真 熟悉器件模型的概念 波形工具的使用 HSPICE的高级应用
教材及参考书
1、CMOS电路模拟与设计----基于Hspice 2、HSPICE使用手册 3、HSPICE 应用教程 4、SPICE Explorer / WaveView Analyzer
了解元件的基本特性 熟悉所设计电路的功能 了解需要验证电路的规格及对应的模拟种 类及电路组态 了解电路的输入信号特性 了解电路各项性能的相依性及优先程度 了解电路元件参数与架构对各项电路特性 的相关性的，以利于模拟结果的改进
SPICE设计流程
设计指标要求 确定电路初始方案 确定电路元件参数 编写电路描述文件 SPICE电路仿真 修改电路方案 修改元件参数
.OPTIONS POST R1 in 1 5 C1 1 0 500pf V1 IN 0 0 AC=10V,37 .AC OCT 10 1 100MEG .noise v(1) v1 20－－分析节点1电压的噪声情况，噪声源为V1端口 .END