土壤学(第二部分)PPT课件
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H+ ≒ H+,Al3+ Al3+
二 土壤酸度产生的原因
(一)活性酸 1 土壤生物活动产生H+ (1) 生物呼吸放出CO2 + H2O — H2CO3 — H+ + HCO3(2) 有机质分解产生有机酸 (3) 土壤中的的铵盐和硫化物在特殊微生物(如:硝化细菌,硫化细菌)
的作用下转化成酸(HNO3, H2SO4) 2 大气,土壤空气中的CO2 3 吸附态H+ , Al3+通过解离和水解变成活性酸 4 土壤中H2O的解离
•Nitrification of NH4+ions, producing H+ ions, and NO3which is susceptible (易受影响的) to leaching.
•Inputs of H2SO4, HNO3 and (NH4)2SO4 from the atmosphere or ‘acid rain’.
•In soils formed on marine muds (海相沉积), or coalbearing sedimentary rocks (碳基沉积岩), the oxidation of iron pyrites (黄铁矿)FeS2 gives rise to acid sulphate (硫酸盐)soils.
(二)潜性酸 1 吸附态,结合态以及官能团上H+的解离和交换 2 吸附态Al3+
(1) 吸附态Al3+的产生—氢铝转化过程(土壤胶体上吸附态H+ 减少而Al3+增加的现象)
只有Al3+粘土,没有H+粘土
(2) 吸附态Al3+产生酸的机制
Al + Ca2+
Baidu Nhomakorabea
Ca + Al3+
Once the aluminum enter the soil solution it reacts with water to form
有1000克土样,分别含H+, Mg2+,Ca2+, Na+,K+和 Al3+离子8,5,16,1,1和4 cmol,土样中有机质含量 为2%(有机质平均CEC约为350 cmol/kg),粘粒含量 是25%,求:
(1) 土壤的CEC
(2) 土壤盐基饱和度
(3) 若土样仅为一种粘粒矿物组成,试推断是何种矿物?
第五章 土壤酸碱度
Chapter 5 Soil Acidity and Alkalinity
The degree of acidity or alkalinity is a master(显 著的,主要的) variable (易变的) that affects nearly all soil properties—chemical,biological, and physical. Commonly expressed as soil pH, this variable largely controls plant nutrient availability and microbial reaction in soils.
soil. 2 潜性酸度:土壤胶体上吸附的交换性H+,Al3+所显示的酸度 Potential acidity—the activity displayed by exchangeable H+ and Al3+
that were absorbed on soil colloid.
3 总酸度(Total acidity):活性酸与潜性酸的总和 活性酸与潜性酸的关系: (1) 处于相互转化的动态平衡 (2) 潜性酸远大于活性酸 (3) 土壤酸度的根本来源(起源)—活性酸
•C.E.C.=8+5+16+1+1+4=35 cmol(+)/kg •BSP=(5+16+1+1) ×100/35=65.71% •Hu=2%, CEC=2×350/100=7 cmol(+)/kg——有机质 •粘粒矿物CEC=35-7=28 cmol(+)/kg •若为单一矿物,则:
CEC=28·100/25=112 cmol(+)/kg——蒙脱石
hydroxy aluminum compounds and free hydrogen ions. Al3+ + H2O ≒ Al(OH)2+ + H+
Al(OH)2+ + H2O ≒ Al(OH)2+ + H+ Al(OH)2+ + H2O ≒ Al(OH)3 + H+
思考: 1 红壤用酸不断淋洗,最后得到什么胶体? 2 南方强酸性土与弱酸性土通过Al3+产生酸度的机理是否 相同?为什么?
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
H+ + CO32-
•The accumulation and humification of soil organic matter,
producing humic residues with a high density of carboxyl and phenolic groups (羧基和酚基) that dissociate H+ ions.
第一节 土壤酸度 Section 1 Soil acidity
一 土壤酸度的存在形式和相互关系(Forms and their relationship of soil acidities)
1 活性酸度:土壤溶液中游离的H+活度 Active acidity—the activity of hydrogen ion in the aqueous phase of a
The main sources of net acid inputs are as follows:
•The dissolution of CO2 in the soil water to form carbonic
acid which dissociates according to CO2 + H2O
The process of soil acidification
Removal of Ca2+ and Mg2+
Plant and animal residues
ATMOSPHERE
Atmospheric inputs Of acidity
Wet and dry deposition
二 土壤酸度产生的原因
(一)活性酸 1 土壤生物活动产生H+ (1) 生物呼吸放出CO2 + H2O — H2CO3 — H+ + HCO3(2) 有机质分解产生有机酸 (3) 土壤中的的铵盐和硫化物在特殊微生物(如:硝化细菌,硫化细菌)
的作用下转化成酸(HNO3, H2SO4) 2 大气,土壤空气中的CO2 3 吸附态H+ , Al3+通过解离和水解变成活性酸 4 土壤中H2O的解离
•Nitrification of NH4+ions, producing H+ ions, and NO3which is susceptible (易受影响的) to leaching.
•Inputs of H2SO4, HNO3 and (NH4)2SO4 from the atmosphere or ‘acid rain’.
•In soils formed on marine muds (海相沉积), or coalbearing sedimentary rocks (碳基沉积岩), the oxidation of iron pyrites (黄铁矿)FeS2 gives rise to acid sulphate (硫酸盐)soils.
(二)潜性酸 1 吸附态,结合态以及官能团上H+的解离和交换 2 吸附态Al3+
(1) 吸附态Al3+的产生—氢铝转化过程(土壤胶体上吸附态H+ 减少而Al3+增加的现象)
只有Al3+粘土,没有H+粘土
(2) 吸附态Al3+产生酸的机制
Al + Ca2+
Baidu Nhomakorabea
Ca + Al3+
Once the aluminum enter the soil solution it reacts with water to form
有1000克土样,分别含H+, Mg2+,Ca2+, Na+,K+和 Al3+离子8,5,16,1,1和4 cmol,土样中有机质含量 为2%(有机质平均CEC约为350 cmol/kg),粘粒含量 是25%,求:
(1) 土壤的CEC
(2) 土壤盐基饱和度
(3) 若土样仅为一种粘粒矿物组成,试推断是何种矿物?
第五章 土壤酸碱度
Chapter 5 Soil Acidity and Alkalinity
The degree of acidity or alkalinity is a master(显 著的,主要的) variable (易变的) that affects nearly all soil properties—chemical,biological, and physical. Commonly expressed as soil pH, this variable largely controls plant nutrient availability and microbial reaction in soils.
soil. 2 潜性酸度:土壤胶体上吸附的交换性H+,Al3+所显示的酸度 Potential acidity—the activity displayed by exchangeable H+ and Al3+
that were absorbed on soil colloid.
3 总酸度(Total acidity):活性酸与潜性酸的总和 活性酸与潜性酸的关系: (1) 处于相互转化的动态平衡 (2) 潜性酸远大于活性酸 (3) 土壤酸度的根本来源(起源)—活性酸
•C.E.C.=8+5+16+1+1+4=35 cmol(+)/kg •BSP=(5+16+1+1) ×100/35=65.71% •Hu=2%, CEC=2×350/100=7 cmol(+)/kg——有机质 •粘粒矿物CEC=35-7=28 cmol(+)/kg •若为单一矿物,则:
CEC=28·100/25=112 cmol(+)/kg——蒙脱石
hydroxy aluminum compounds and free hydrogen ions. Al3+ + H2O ≒ Al(OH)2+ + H+
Al(OH)2+ + H2O ≒ Al(OH)2+ + H+ Al(OH)2+ + H2O ≒ Al(OH)3 + H+
思考: 1 红壤用酸不断淋洗,最后得到什么胶体? 2 南方强酸性土与弱酸性土通过Al3+产生酸度的机理是否 相同?为什么?
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
H+ + CO32-
•The accumulation and humification of soil organic matter,
producing humic residues with a high density of carboxyl and phenolic groups (羧基和酚基) that dissociate H+ ions.
第一节 土壤酸度 Section 1 Soil acidity
一 土壤酸度的存在形式和相互关系(Forms and their relationship of soil acidities)
1 活性酸度:土壤溶液中游离的H+活度 Active acidity—the activity of hydrogen ion in the aqueous phase of a
The main sources of net acid inputs are as follows:
•The dissolution of CO2 in the soil water to form carbonic
acid which dissociates according to CO2 + H2O
The process of soil acidification
Removal of Ca2+ and Mg2+
Plant and animal residues
ATMOSPHERE
Atmospheric inputs Of acidity
Wet and dry deposition