Grammar新编英语语法(第五版)第10,11,12讲的语法讲解

Irregular verb不规则动 词
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all three forms are same (cast-cast-cast)
past tense and past participle are same (bend-bent-bent) all three forms are different (arise-arose-arisen)
She doesn't hear very well.
d.表示心理或情感状态的动词，如assume, believe, consider, detest等 We understood your difficulty.
Attention:
如果静态动词（stative verb)用于进行体(progressive aspect)，则变为动态动词 （dynamic verb). Examples: 1.He is being foolish. =is acting foolishly 2.This mistake is costing us dearly. =is bringing great injury to us 3.Be quiet. I'm thinking. =giving thought to a problem
Examples: 1.He works at a chemical factory.
表持续动作
2.They were talking about the house. 表持续动作 3.Winter is here. The leaves of the trees are turning yellow. 表改变 4.The old man stops at a house and knocks at the door. 表短暂动作
Semi-auxiliary(半助动词）：
the grammatical structure that have features of Main Verb and Auxiliary. such as have to, seem to;
Semi-auxiliary can pair with main verb to constitute complex verb phrase and show modal meaning.
Dynamic Verb（动态动词）：
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表持续动作的词
例：drink, eat, fly, play and so on
表改变或移动的词 例：arrive, become, change, come and so on
表短暂动作的词 例：hit, jump, kick, open, close and so on
be, do, have;
As auxiliaries, they don't have actual meanings. They just have grammatical meanings or functions. “be" is usually used to assist main verb to constitute Progressive Aspect or Passive tense.
2. You will have to sell your house.
main verb:
2.due to if the main verb have complementation or what complementation they have
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Transitive verb Intransitive verb Link verb
Examples: 1.The workers received a raise last year. 2.They have been taking music lessons. 3.He needn't have been waiting in the rain.
Primary Auxiliary(基本助动词）：
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main verbຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
Finite Verb 限定动词 ↓
Finite Form限定形式
Finite verb phrase
Non-finite Verb 非限定动词 ↓
Non-finite Form非限 定形式
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Present Tense现在时 Past Tense过去时 Infinitive不定式 -ing分词 -ed分词
2. My wife doesn't know Russian.
"have" is usually used to assist main verb to constitute Perfective Aspect or Perfective Progressive Aspect.
3. I have been working here for 20 years.
We have friends all over the world.
b.含有静态动词be,have意义的动词，如apply to, belong to, differ from, cost, weigh等。 This rule applies to (=is applicable to)everyone. c.表示感觉的动词， 如feel, hear, see, smell等
Main verb:
(4.according to composition)
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Single-word verb 单词动词
Phrasal verb 词组动词
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v+prep. v+adv. v+adv+prep.
Examples: 1.He couldn't account for his long absence from school. 2.The place blow up when it was hit by a missile. 3.I don't want to come down with the flu again.
Verbs
Members 方敏霞 Freda 周梦霞 Dreamy 倪晓燕 Elian 章梦帅 Color 潘婷 Connie 杨运营 Catherine
Verb and Verb Phrases
Verb Classification:
1. decided by their function in the verb phrases:
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Main verb: notional verb 实义动词
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Simple Verb Phrase简单动词词组
Complex Verb Phrase复杂动词词组
Auxiliary：助动词
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Primary Auxiliary 基本助动词 Modal Auxiliary 情态助动词
Semi-auxiliary 半助动词
Non-finite verb phrase The biggest difference between finite verb and non-finite verb is that whether they have "tense" sign or not. Regular verb规则动词
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Modal Auxiliary show modal meaning, and their past tense form may not show the past time.It may stand for a mild tone.Modal Auxiliary can't overlap use.
Examples: 1.He goes to church every Sunday. 2.Take a 10 minutes break now. 3.How I wish I had gone there with you.
表示肉体感觉的动词，如ache, feel ,hurt等，用于进行体或非进行体均可，含义 不变。 Examples: 1.My foot aches/ is aching. 2.I don't feel/ am not feeling very tired.
Verb classification(2):
Voice(语态）：
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Active Voice主动态 Passive Voice被动态 ↓
→Active Sentence主动句 →Passive Sentence被动句
被动态动词词组也可有不同的时、体形式(P120)
Mood（式）：
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Indicative Mood陈述式
Imperative Mood祈使式 Subjunctive Mood虚拟式
Stative Verb(静态动词）：
describe the state that something happens in the present or happened in the past. 表示存在于现在或过去的一种状态, 通常用于非进行体. a.用作主动词的be和have(作“有”解）：
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Present tense Progressive Aspect进行体
Aspect（体）：
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Perfective Aspect完成体
Examples: 1.I speak Chinese, but now I am speaking English. 2.I have taught English for 20 years.
Examples: 1.I am listening to a Beethoven symphony.
“do" is usually used to assist main verb to show negative meaning or constitute Questions, or even emphasis.
及物动词 不及物动词 连系动词（其后需加主语补语 （subject complement)
3.due to the verb's meanings
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Dynamic verb: describe motion state 动态动词
Stative verb: describe relative static state 静态动词
Modal Auxiliary(情态助动词）：
14个：can/
could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, must ,ought to, dare/dared, need, used to；
Examples: 1. It may snow before nightfall. 2. Would you let me use your pen for a minute? 3.If she became a movie star, she could afford a new home.
Verb's grammatical forms:
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Tense（时）:it is the verb form that shows time distinction. Aspect（体）:it is the verb form that shows motion or process is in what state in a certain time. Voice（态）:it is the verb form that shows active or passive relationship between subjects and predicate verbs. Mood（式）:it is the verb form that is used to distinguish speakers in what tone of voice. Past tense Tense（时）：
Examples: 1.I have to buy a new car.
It can also pair with other auxiliary, which can compare with main verb but isn't similar to modal auxiliary completely.