新思维综合英语第一册第四单元参考讲义汇总

新思维综合英语第一册第四单元参考讲义
2008-03-19 17:51
Lesson 27. I guess my mind was somewhere else.
Laura and Chuck are having something to eat after seeing a movie. They talk about Chuck’s job interview.
Focus questions and answers:
1. Where do you think the dialogue takes place?
1. Most probably in a restaurant.
2. Why was Chuck’s mind somewhere else?
2. He was thinking about the interview.
3. Why was Chuck anxious?
3. he was anxious to know the interview result, and of course he wanted to get the job. Language points in the dialogue:
You were thinking about the interview again, weren’t you? Think about, 考虑，思考。

We have to think about whether we should buy the car.我们得认真考虑一下买不买车。

I’m thinking about the plan for our tour.我在考虑我们的旅行计划。

这句话里的Weren’t you？是个附加疑问句。

在这样的句子里，一般来说，前面需要有个陈述句。

如果陈述句用肯定句，附加疑问句就用否定式疑问句。

如果陈述句用否定句，附加疑问句就用肯定式疑问句。

如：
You’ve been to the Great Wall, haven’t you?
He’s not going to the party, is he?
但是，有时也有例外。

如：
She telephoned her brother, did she? （用来表示惊讶、确认等。

）
使用附加疑问句时，不仅要注意前后肯定与否定的关系，还要注意助动词和时态的一致性问题。

比如，如果前边的句子用现在完成时，附加疑问句就需要用 have 或haven’t；如果前边的句子用带有 will 的一般将来时，附加疑问句就需要用 will 或won’t 等等。

Get sth out of one’s mind 摆脱思想中的困扰。

如：
He was terribly lost in that experience for quite some time, and finally he got it out of his mind when he moved to a new place. 他很长时间一直沉浸在那次可怕的经历中不能自拔，直到后来搬到一个新地方后才得以摆脱出来。

Figure out 理解，弄清楚，解决。

She hasn’t figured out what she’s going to do next. 她还没有弄清楚接下来她将做什么。

He has figured out all the possibilities before he does it. 他事前已经弄清楚了所有的可能性。

Anxious to do sth 迫不及待想做某事。

She is so anxious to visit Beijing next week because it is her first visit there.
Make a / the decision 做出决定，确定。

Who made the decision to go there?是谁决定去那儿的？I think I’ve made a wrong decision to buy this big house.我想我决定买这座大房子是错误的。

Relax 放松，松弛。

Let’s stop working and relax for an ho ur. 别干了，我们休息一小时吧。

Lesson 29 The first Americans.
Focus questions:
1．Why did Columbus call people already living in America “Indians” when he landed there?
2. How did the ancestors of these people come to America?
3. What technique do scientists use to decide the age of the remains of the ancient bodies or artifacts?
4. What are causing excitement and controversy among experts?
5. What did scientists find in Chili?
6. What is the most controversial finding in Brazil?
Language Points in the Reading Text:
Scientists disagree on the date. 科学家在日期上没有达成一致。

Agree / disagree on sth 在某方面意见（不）一致，（不）同意。

介词用on. Finally we agreed on the route for climbing the hill. 最后我们就爬山路线达成了一致意见。

学习时注意这个短语跟agree / disagree with sb / sth 的区别。

Agree / disagree with sb / sth（不）同意某人说的话或者看法；与某人意见不一致。

I disagree with much of what he says. 我不同意他说的很多话。

My brother agrees with me in most of the issues we discuss. 在讨论问
题时，我弟弟大多同意我的看法。

Original 原有的，原始的，初始的；新颖的，有创造性的。

It is said no one can remember the original state of the building. 据说，没有人能回忆起那座楼本来的样子了。

This is the most original story I’ve ever read. 这是我读过的最新颖的故事了。

Arrive in 到达某一地方、城市（比较大的地方），如：It was raining when we arrived in Guangzhou. 而arrive at 的意思是“到达一个具体的小的地点”，如： He arrived at his hotel soon after midnight. Arrive at 还表示经过努力达成协议、决定、或达到某种程度。

It took us several hours to arrive at a decision. 我们花费了好几个小时才终于达成决议。

在When Columbus “discovered” America in 1492, he found people already living there.这句话里，discover 用了引号，原因是什么呢？discover 这个词的意思是，发现原来没有被人所知道或了解的事情或情况。

Discover 不同于 find, 后者的意思是，找到，发现，是一般意义上的看见或找到，被找到的东西本来就是存在的。

在哥伦布发现新大陆的时候美洲这块大陆已经是存在的，而且有人居住，所以并不是他第一个发现这个地方的。

Find sb doing sth 发现某人正在做某事。

When I entered the room, I found him watching TV. 我进入房间的时候，看见他正在看电视。

Thinking he had landed in the East Indies, he called these people “Indians”. 前半句话Thinking he had landed in the East Indies 是个–ing 分词短语，做he called these people “Indians” 的原因状语。

Stretching from the top of North America to the tip of South America were many different groups…是个倒装句，动词谓语是 were, 主语是 many different groups. 用来强调“不同的种族部落由北到南散布在美洲大陆”的这个事实。

Migrate 迁移，移往。

Migrate from one place to another 从一个地方迁移到另一个地方。

如：They had to migrate to this new land because of the terrible flood in the fifties. 由于五十年代的那场可怕的洪水他们被迫迁移到了这片土地。

The northern half of the earth was covered in ice. 北半球被冰雪覆盖。

有时，我们也用 be covered with 来表示“长有很多，覆盖着很多……”如：The next morning when I woke up, I found the trees were all covered with beautiful snow. 早上醒来的时候，我发现树上挂满了美丽的雪。

Experts believe that people from Siberia followed the animals that they hunted and traveled to Alaska over land that is now a 50-mile body of water called the Bering Strait. 这句话里有两个 that 引导的定语从句，分别修饰前面的the animals 和 land 这两个名词。

过去分词短语called the Bering Strait 作 body of water 的定语，body 在这里指大面积的水域。

在上万年前，亚洲和美洲大
Look for 寻找，探询，查找。

– What are you doing? –I’m looking for my keys.
Remain 做动词时意思是“遗留；继续，保持”，而做名词时只有 remains 复数形式，意思是“遗留物；遗迹；残骸”。

The remains of a meal 残羹剩饭。

Along with bones from humans and animals, they uncover pieces of pottery, tools, and even the remains of campfires. 这里，along with 是什么意思呢？这句话的意思是，他们发现人和动物遗骨的同时，还发现了瓷器、工具，甚至篝火的的残迹。

Along with 与……一起，同时，表示两件事情同时发生，或跟别的事物一起存在。

Date 做名词时意思是“日期；年代”，如：What’s the date today? 还可以做动词，意思是“加日期于；鉴定古物等的年代”，如：Don’t forget to date your letters. 别忘记给你的信加日期。

课文里的radiocarbon dating 指放射性碳元素确定年代技术。

这篇文章稍后还有 date back 这个短语，意思是“追溯到某个时候”，如：This is a long story. It dates back to 26 years ago. 这是一个比较久远的故事了，还得追溯到26年前。

Figure out = work out 美语非正式语体，理解、弄清楚、确定、解决。

She hasn’t figured out what she is going to do about it. 她还没有弄清楚自己该怎么办呢。

These discoveries are causing a lot of excitement and controversy among experts. 这句话是什么意思呢？Excitement 兴奋，激动。

Controversy 长期的争论、争议。

Controversial 是形容词形式，有争议的，引起争议的。

你看这句话这样翻译好吗？这些发现引起了专家们浓厚的兴趣和激烈的争议。

Cause, （动词）引起，引发。

What do you think caused the problem? 做名词时cause 的意思是“原因”，如：They are trying to find out the cause of the power cut.他们在争取找出停电的原因。

Well-preserved 保存完好的，指什么东西存放时保护得比较好。

These paintings have been well-preserved, and they still look so vivid and lively. 这些绘画保存得非常好，看上去还是那么形象生动。

英语中经常有这种有一个副词和一个过去分词构成的复合形容词，如：newly-married 新婚的，newly-arrived新来的，新到货的，well-meant 善意的，well-organized结构合理的。

Similar to 与……相似的。

This story is quite similar to the movie we saw last week.
Estimate 估计，估算，预测。

It is estimated that the total value of the bookshop will be about 500,000 dollars. 据估算，这个书店的总价值大约五十万美元。

文章提到考古学家Guidon defends her finds and even comes up with a new idea … 在这句话里 defend 的意思是“为……辩护”，如：The minister defended himself in the House of Commons. 部长在下议院里为他自己做了辩护。

He was determined to have his own lawyers to defend him. 他决心用自己的律师来为他做辩护。

刚才这句话里的be determined to do sth, 意思是“下定决心做某事”。

当表示“提/想出一个主意、计划
或方案”的时候，英语中经常用到一个词组 come up with, 如：It took him about a week to come up with this detailed plan, and he did a wonderful job. 他用了一个星期的时间提出这个细致的计划，干得真不错。

They may have traveled directly from Asia to South America in boats. 这句话里有情态动词 may + have done 这样的结构，这是表达什么含义呢？再举个例子：Look, there is ice everywhere! It must have been very cold last night. 这句话里也有个情态动词must + have done 这样的结构。

从这两句话里你也许已经能够看出，这是表示对过去事情推测或猜测的一种表达法。

May have done sth 表示“有可能发生 / 做了某事”，而must have done sth 表示“一定发生 / 做了某事”。

Answers to the focus questions:
1．Why di d Columbus call people already living in America “Indians” when he landed there?
When Columbus first landed there, he found there were already people living there. He thought he had landed in the East Indies, so he named these people “Indians”. But actually they were in different groups, each with its own name.
2. How did many scientists believe the ancestors of the people living in America come to America?
They believed that the ancestors of these people were from Siberia. People followed the animals they hunted and traveled to Alaska over the land. Bering strait was in the ancient days land.
3. What technique do scientists use to decide the age of the remains of the ancient bodies or artifacts?
Radiocarbon dating.放射形碳元素确定年代技术。

They can determine the age of these bodies or artifacts by measuring the amount of radioactive carbon in them.
4. What are causing excitement and controversy among experts?
Archeologist Guidon has discovered clues at digs in both North and South America that lead her to believe that humans first migrated to the New World not 11,500 years ago, but much earlier – 20,000 or even 50,000 years ago. These discoveries are causing a lot of excitement and controversy among experts.
5. What did scientists find in Chili?
They found well-preserved artifacts (stone tools, wooden bowls, a human print, and the remains of a dwelling.
6. What is the most controversial finding in Brazil?
Archeologist Guidon found cave paintings dating back 12,000 years. She also uncovered charcoal from old campfires and stone tools that she believes are at least 30,000 and maybe more than 50,000 years old.
单元小结（Wrap-up tips for the unit）
How to talk about a foreign language 如何谈论外语
How to talk about one’s family 如何谈论家庭
How to talk about events in the past 如何谈论过去的事情
How to talk about how you met someone如何谈论与别人相识的经过
短语或词组：
stand for, 代表
be good at, 擅长……
as soon as, 一……就……
figure out, 计算出；弄明白
be anxious to do, 迫切地希望做某事
make a decision, 决定
disagree on, 在某方面持不同意见
arrive in / at, 到达（in表示比较大的地方，at 表示比较小的地点）
migrate from … to …,从一个地方搬迁（移民）到另一个地方
be covered in / with, 被……覆盖
date back, 追溯到（过去某时期）
at least, 至少
come up with, 想出，提到，提出。