细胞信号转导与肿瘤

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Functions:
Mediates the binding of the STAT protein to a phosphotyrosine docking site on an activeted cytokine receptor (or receptor tyrosine kinase). Once bound, the Taks phosphorylate the STAT on tyrosines, causing it to dissociate from the receptor The SH2 domain on the released STAT now mediates its binding to a phosphotyrosine on another STAT molecule, forming either a STAT homodimer or heterodimer The STAT dimer then moves into the nucleus, when, in combination with other gene regulatory protein, it binds to a specific DNA response element in various genes and stimulates their transcription
• 癌基因ras
H-ras ( Harvey ras or Ha-ras)
K-ras ( Kiersten ras or Ki-ras) N-ras
突变位点: 密码子12,13,61突变
GTP酶活性下降
癌基因raf:A-raf, B-raf, C-raf-1, v-raf
3段保守区:CR1: 139-186位氨基酸 CR2:251-301 CR3:320-635 N端调节区的缺失突变是Raf活化的原因 调节区 富含Ser/Thr 保守的激酶区
癌基因gsp和gip2
1. gsp:
Gsp: Gs α蛋白(Gs α-protein) 突变位点:201 Arg Cys or His 227 Gln Arg 2. gip2 Gip: Gi α蛋白(Gi α-protein) 突变位点:179 Arg Cys or His 205 Gln Arg
1957美国科学家Earl Sutherland因发现cAMP并提出第 二信使的概念,获1971年Nobel Prize
Edwin Krebs and Edmond Fischer发现了磷酸化和 蛋白激酶的重要作用,获1992年Nobel Prize
Krebs 像
Ficsher 像
美国科学家Alfred G Gilman and Martin Rodbell 因发 现G蛋白获1994年Nobel Prize
small intracellular signaling molecules ② The large intracellular signaling molecules
a. Relay proteins b. Messenger proteins c. Adaptor proteins d. Amplifier proteins e. Transducer proteins f. Bifunction proteins g. Integrator proteins h. Latent gene regulatory proteins i. Modulator proteins j. Anchoring proteins k. Scaffold proteins
②、G蛋白偶联的受体 ③、细胞因子受体 ④、黏附因子受体 ⑤、蛋白酪氨酸激酶联系的受体 ⑥、其他
受体ser/thr激酶 受体酪氨酸磷酸酯酶 受体鸟嘌呤核苷酸环化酶 离子通道受体 电压门控离子通道受体
3. Intracellular signaling proteins
① The
Role of STATs in tumor angiogenesisi
Tumor immune evasion and STATs3 signaling
adaptor
SH2(Src-homology domain 2) 特异结合磷酸化的酪氨酸 SH3 ( Src-homology domain 3) 特异识别和结合脯氨酸富集区 PH 从pleckstrin蛋白中发现和鉴定出来 与介导G蛋白的bg亚单位的生物功能及PIP2磷 脂结合等有关 Death Domain(DD) 其他
⑥ RTK-PI3K-PKB(Akt) pathway
— leading cell to growth Catalytic subunit (heterodimers) p110
•PI(3)K
Adaptor/regulatory subunit
p85
•AKT(PKB)
PDK1 (phosphatatidylinositol-dependent protein kinase)
PKB (protein kinase B)
• PTEN
PTEN gene(gene of phosphate and tension homology deleted on chromosome ten) Specific inositol phospholipid phosphatases: remove phosphate from 3 position of the inositol ring Mutations that inactive one such phosphatase, and thereby prolong signaling by PI3-K,promote the development of cancer, and they are found in many human cancers
Gilman 像
Rodbell 像
1978 v-Src的蛋白产物被证明是酪氨酸蛋白激酶 1983 Sis癌基因的蛋白产物被发现是PDGF的B链 1983 第一个人癌基因H-ras克隆,是一种G蛋白 1989 第一个抑癌基因Rb克隆,在细胞周期调控中具 重要作用 1989 重新认识P53
二、 A simple intracellular signaling pathway activated by an extracellular signal molecule
•pathway
STATs and tumor
STAT3 and STAT5 overexpressed in
human malignancies
STATs in tumor-cell proliferation
C-myc cyclinD1/D2 p53 STATs in tumor- cell apoptosis Bcl-XL MCL1 Survinin p53
•Structure:
DNA-binding domain,DBD ligand-binding domain,LBD
与肿瘤发生的关系
①配体量的增加 ②受体构象变化 ③激活转录与细胞增殖相关的因子
(2)Cell-surface receptor proteins
a. ion-channel-linked receptor b. G-protein-linked receptor c. Enzyme-linked receptor
scaffold proteins
G蛋白
经典G蛋白(大G蛋白)
Gs Gi Gq G12
小分子量G蛋白 Ras Rho Rab Arf Ran等6个亚家族
第二信使
cAMP cGMP IP3 DG
胞内激酶
MAPK pathway 其他激酶通路
4、Target proteins
第五章 细胞信号转导与肿瘤
历史回顾 基本组成 主要传导通路 信号传导与肿瘤 问题与展望
一、历史回顾
1951 Rita Levi-Montalcini 发现第一个生长因子NGF 1960 Stanley Cohen 在纯化NFG时发现EGF 生长因子的发现使Stanley Cohen 和Rita LeviMontalcini获1986年Nobel Prize
①、酪氨酸激酶受体
表皮生长因子受体家族(EGFR) 胰岛素受体家族(insulin-R) 血小板衍生的生长因子受体家族(PDGFR) 纤维细胞生长因子受体家族(FGFR) 神经细胞生长因子受体家族(NGFR) 肝细胞生长因子受体家族(HGFR) 血管内皮细胞生长因子受体家族(VEGFR) 膜外区有类似FibronectinIII重复序列的受体家族 Axl受体家族 Tie受体家族 其他
1. Extracellular signal molecule 2. Receptor protein
3. Intracellular signaling proteins
4. Target proteins
1. Extracellular signal molecule
① 生长因子(growth factor) ② 细胞因子(cytokine)
pathway
Tumor
PI3K(oncogene):p85 mutation Aktb:overexpression
PTEN mutation
2、Jak-STAT pathway
• Signal ligand • cytokine receptors
• Cytoplasmic tBaidu Nhomakorabearosine kinase
1、Receptor tyrosine kinase
①Extracellular signal proteins
② receptor tyrosine kinase
③ adaptor
④ RTK-ras pathway
⑤与肿瘤发生的关系
• 生长因子类癌基因
•受体酪氨酸激酶类癌基因
激活机制 a. 原癌基因产物N-端配体结合区缺 失 b. 受体膜外区或跨膜区突变 c. 受体过度表达 d. 激酶催化区的部分氨基酸缺失, 亦能增加受体酪氨酸激酶的活性
Metabolic enzymes Gene regulatory protein Cytoskeletal protein
三、主要信号通路
(一)、分类 细胞生命活动 细胞类型 受体类型 激酶类型
(二)、 Signaling through G-protein-linked cell-surface receptors
(三)、Signaling through enzyme-linked cell-surface receptors
Six classes of enzyme linked receptors: 1. Receptor tyrosine kinase 2. Tyrosine-kinase-associated receptors 3. Rceptorlike tyrosine phosphatases 4. Receptor Ser/Thr kinases 5. Receptor guanylyl cyclases 6. Histidine-kinase-associated receptors
③ 激素、神经递质等(hormone)
④ 抗原(antigen)
⑤ 肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,
TNF) ⑥ 粘附分子(adhesion molecule)
2. Receptor protein
(1)Intracellular receptor proteins
receptor:
Jaks (Janus kinases): Jak1,Jak2,Jak3,Tyk2
• STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription)
There are seven known STATs
Each with an SH2 domain
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