薄冰实用英语语法之9

薄冰实用英语语法详解之九
被动语态
主编薄冰
编著王兰明陈静
山西出版传媒集团·山西教育出版社
2014年6月第4版第46次印刷
出版人雷俊林
出版策划苗补坤
责任编辑潘峰
ISBN 978-7-5440-3553-8
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丨学英语，凭什么让我学语法吗？？？
不时听到一些青年问道：学英语一定要学语法吗？语法应该怎么学呢？我们就这两个问题简单地谈一点个人意见。

对中国学生来说，尤其是成年人，我看是学点语法好。

语法，顾名思义，乃是语言的法则和规律。

学习语法，尤其是一些基本法则，至少有下列几个好处：
第一可以使你学得快些，因为已有现成的前人总结的法则，用不着你从头摸索。

第二可以使你学得透些，因为通过语法对语言现象不仅可以知其然，而且可以知其所以然。

第三可以使你学得准些，因为语法法则就是一条条准绳，可以用以衡量一句话是否正确。

第四语法不但可以引你入门，更可以引你入胜，使你逐渐眼界开阔，语感加深，从而使你的英语水平不断提高。

丨那么应该如何学习语法呢？
我认为在学习语法过程中，应该注意下面几点：
第一基本概念最重要。

在学习每个语法项目时，一定要把它的基本概念搞清，牢记在心。

第二要大量地实践，大量地练习。

实践要包括听、说、读、写四个方面，练习要着重说和写。

第三学习语法时，应多用比较法。

如对动词时态、冠词、介词、名词的单、复数等较难的语法项目进行相互比较，效果就比较好。

第四要将语法法则与习惯用法分开。

碰到习惯用法，就不必钻牛角尖，进行徒劳的分析。

而习惯用法在英语中则是大量地存在着的。

第五将一本语法书通读一遍，当然也不无好处。

但最好将它作为工具书，像词典一样地经常查阅，始能学得比较细致牢靠。

第六实用英语语法只应是入门的向导，像一根拐棍一样。

英语达到一定水平之后，就应将它扔掉。

起码不要让许多语法条条充斥头脑，影响你说和写的流利性。

最后可能还会有人说，语法应该学，就是太枯燥。

我的感觉是：开头有点枯燥，过些时候，就会像嚼橄榄似的，越学越有味了。

如若不信，请试试看。

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薄冰实用英语语法之·被动语态
目录
9——1 被动语态概述
9——2 被动语态的构成
9——3 被动语态的用法
9——4 特殊形式的被动语态
情态动词的被动语态
双宾语动词的被动语态
复合宾语的被动语态
短语动词的被动语态
get+过去分词的被动语态
9——5 主动形式表被动意义
9——6 被动语态与系表结构的区别
9——7 单元练习
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Unit 9 被动语态
9—1 被动语态概述
语态（V oice）是个语法范畴，是表示主语和动词之间语法和语义关系的动词形式。

英语动词有主动和被动两种语态，当主语是动作的发出者时，动词用主动语态（Active V oice）；当主语是动作的承受者时，动词要用被动语态（Passive V oice）。

只有及物动词才有被动语态。

如：
Scientists have been puzzled for decades by how turtles manage to navigate across the Atlantic——but now they know. 几十年来，科学家一直对海龟如何能穿越大西洋迷惑不解——但现在他们知道了。

（scientists是puzzle的承受者，故puzzle用被动语态。

They是know的发出者，故know用主动语态。

）
9—2 被动语态的构成
动词的被动语态是由“助动词be + 动词的过去分词”构成，时态由be体现。

主动语态的句子结构与被动语态的句子结构如下所示：
(1) 主动语态：
动作的发出者+ 主动语态动词+ 动作的接受者
主语谓语宾语
(2) 被动语态：
动作的接受者+被动语态动词（be + 动词过去分词）+（by + 动作的发出者）主语谓语宾语
下面以make为例，说明各时态动词的被动语态形式：
现在范畴一般现在时am / is / are made
现在进行时am / is / are being made
现在完成时has / have been made
过去范畴一般过去时was / were made
过去进行时was / were being made
过去完成时had been made
将来范畴一般将来时shall / will be made
将来完成时shall / will have been made
过去将来时should / would be made
特别应注意：完成进行时态通常不用于被动语态。

1. Many old houses around our school______next year and a large green area will appear.
（2005年上海市中考题）
A. pull down
B. will be pulled down
C. will pull down
D. are pulled down
【答案选B】next year为将来时时间状语，此句为一般将来时被动语态。

用will be done。

2. —I don't suppose the police know who did it.
—Well，surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and______now.
（2006年高考江苏卷）
A. has been questioned
B. is being questioned
C. is questioning
D. has questioned
【答案选B】根据句中提示用现在进行时，句中主语和前项中动词之间构成被动，故用现在进行时被动形式。

9—3 被动语态的用法
被动语态主要用于下面几种情况：
(1) 不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者时。

如：
The meeting has been put off. 会议已被推迟了。

Such books are written for middle school students. 这种书是为中学生写的。

It is said that the police will look into the matter. 据说警方将调查此事。

This question is being discussed at the meeting. 这个问题正在会上讨论。

1. The APEC meeting______in Shanghai last month. I hear it______in different countries every year.（2002年山东省中考题）
A. is held；is held
B. was held；is held
C. was held；has held
D. is held；was held
【答案选B】APEC meeting亚太经济合作组织会议，是被举办的；第一句的时间状语是last month，用过去时，第二句的时间状语为every year，用一般现在时。

2. —Your job______open for you return. —Thanks.（2006年高考北京卷）
A. will be kept
B. will keep
C. had kept
D. had been kept
【答案选A】根据语境应用将来时，本句主语为job应用被动语态。

3. 短文改错：The day the NEA report released，the U. S. host，in a tie vote，upheld the government's right to obtain bookstore and library records under a provision of the USA Patriot Act.（2007年1月六级题）
【答案解析】文章中表示时间的定语从句“the NEA report released”的谓语用的是主动语态，应该用被动语态“was rele ased（被披露/ 公之于众）”。

(2) 当我们出于礼貌避免说出动作的执行者时。

如：
The car was seriously damaged. 汽车受到了严重损坏。

She is liked by all of us. 她受到我们所有人的喜爱。

1. The pizza______by my mother. Would you like to have some?
（2005年北京市中考题）
A. makes
B. was making
C. made
D. was made
【答案选D】比萨是被我妈妈做的，用被动语态。

2. Customers are asked to make sure that they______the right change before leaving the shop.
（2006年高考重庆卷）
A. will give
B. have been given
C. have given
D. will be given
【答案选B】主句customers are asked to...是商店的规定，是经常性动作或行为，从句中时态应与主句保持一致，应用现在时态；从句中they指customers，the right change
指“零钱”，找钱是商店给顾客，顾客作主语时，应用被动。

(3) 当我们出于文章行文的需要时。

如：
She appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 她出现在台上，观众热烈鼓掌。

This book is liked by those people who are interested in modern culture. 这本书受到那些对现代文化感兴趣的人们的欢迎。

The doctor looked over Peter carefully after he______to the hospital.
（2005年北京市中考题）
A. takes
B. is taken
C. took
D. was taken
【答案选D】这句话的意思为“在彼得被送到医院以后医生仔细地给他作了检查”，主句用的是一般过去时，所以后面要用过去时的被动语态。

(4) 需要强调或侧重动作的承受者时。

如：
It is the first time that wrinkles have been linked with high-cholesterol levels.
这是首次将皱纹与高胆固醇联系起来。

Three people have so far been killed in the storms sweeping across the north of England and southern Scotland. 在席卷英格兰北部和苏格兰南部的暴风雨中，三人丧生。

9—4 特殊形式的被动语态
[1] 情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动语态的结构为：情态动词+ be + 过去分词。

如：
The book can't be found. 那本书找不到。

Water mustn't be wasted. 水绝不能被浪费。

Should a comma be used here? 这儿应该用逗号吗？
The book needn't be returned now. 书不必现在还。

1. The river smells terrible. People must______from throwing dirty things into it.
（2004年云南省中考题）
A. stop
B. be stopped
C. stopped
D. was stopped
【答案选B】stop sb. from doing“阻止某人做某事”，所以此题考查情态动词的被动语态。

依题意“人们必须被阻止向河里扔脏东西”。

2. 短文改错：There were no public schools，and besides，the few pennies which the children could earn needed to help support the family.（2005年6月四级题）
【答案解析】needed→were needed。

此处应是被动，属语态有误。

[2] 双宾语动词的被动语态
带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的句子变为被动语态时，只把一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语保留在动词之后，这种句子可以有两个被动句。

如：
His teacher gave him a book. 他的老师给了他一本书。

这个句子的被动句为：
A book was given to him by his teacher. 或：
He was given a book by his teacher.
She showed me her new skirt. 她给我看她的新裙子。

这个句子的被动句为：
I was shown her new skirt by her. / Her new skirt was shown to me by her.
1. At the end of the meeting Miss Green______two minutes to decide whether she could join the project or not.（2004年广州市中考题）
A. gave
B. had given
C. was given
D. was giving
【答案选C】此题考查一般过去时态的被动语态。

题意为“会议结束时，格林小姐有两分钟时间决定是否参加这个项目”。

2. All the employees except the manager______to work online at home.
（2005年高考全国卷）
A. encourages
B. encourage
C. is encouraged
D. are encouraged
【答案选D】句子的主语是all the employees，所以谓语动词应当用复数；encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人做某事，结合句意，显然应当用被动语态。

句意：所有雇员（除经理之外）都被提倡在家在线工作。

[3] 复合宾语的被动语态
含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句时，将宾语变成主语，宾语补足语仍保留在动词之后，成为主语补足语。

如：
We call him Xiao Wang. 我们叫他小王。

（主动句）
He was called Xiao Wang. 他被叫做小王。

（被动句）
He painted the table green. 他把桌子漆成了绿色。

（主动句）
The table was painted green. 桌子被漆成了绿色。

（被动句）
We asked the teacher to explain the sentence again.
我们要求老师把这个句子再解释一次。

（主动句）
The teacher was asked to explain the sentence again.
老师被要求把这个句子再解释一次。

（被动句）
He found an old man lying at the door. 他发现一位老人躺在门口。

（主动句）
An old man was found lying at the door by him. 一位老人被他发现躺在门口。

（被动句）
make, hear, see, watch, feel, let, have等动词在主动语态的句子中，其后作宾补的不定式一般不带to，但当用于被动句时，后面作主补的不定式必须带to。

如：His mother made him do his homework again. 他妈妈让他把作业重写一次。

（主动句）He was made to do his homework again by his mother.
他被他妈妈要求把作业重写一次。

（被动句）
She saw a man go into the room. 她看见一个男人走进屋里。

（主动句）
A man was seen to go into the room. 一个男人被看到走进屋里去了。

（被动句）
[4] 短语动词的被动语态
一些相当于及物动词的短语动词也有被动语态形式。

主要有以下几类：
(1) 动词+ 介词。

如：
They have talked about this matter recently. 他们近来一直谈论这件事。

（主动句）
This matter has been talked about recently. 这件事近来一直被谈论着。

（被动句）
We have never heard of such a thing before. 我们从未听说过这样的事。

（主动句）
Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事从未被听说过。

（被动句）
They looked after the old man carefully. 他们精心照顾那位老人。

（主动句）
The old man was looked after carefully by them.
那位老人被他们精心照顾着。

（被动句）
How magnificent the Bund looks at night when all the lights are______!
（2005年上海市中考题）
A. turned over
B. turned off
C. turned down
D. turned on
【答案选D】turn on the light“打开电灯”。

此句用作被动语态。

(2) 动词+ 副词。

如：
They put off the sports meeting. 他们把运动会推迟了。

（主动句）
The sports meeting was put off. 运动会被推迟了。

（被动句）
They will put on a short play at the party. 他们要在晚会上演一个短剧。

（主动句）
A short play will be put on by them at the party.
一个短剧将要由他们在晚会上演出。

（被动句）
We must think over what he said. 我们必须仔细思考他说的话。

（主动句）
What he said must be thought over. 他说的话必须仔细思考。

（被动句）
(3) 其他动词短语。

如：
We must do away with privileges. 我们必须取消特权。

（主动句）
Privileges must be done away with. 特权必须取消。

（被动句）
His classmates often make fun of him for this. 他的同学常为这和他开玩笑。

（主动句）He is often made fun of for this by his classmates.
他常为此被他的同学开玩笑。

（被动句）
We should pay more attention to the education of the young people.
我们应该更多地重视对年轻人的教育。

（主动句）
More attention should be paid to the education of the young people.
年轻人的教育应该更多地受到重视。

（被动句）
[5] get+过去分词的被动语态
“get + 过去分词”也可构成被动语态，这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作
本身。

如：
The man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。

Mary is going to get married. 玛丽准备结婚了。

How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了？
短文改错：What about the content? The rule here is to keep it factual and truthful—exaggerations usually get find out.（2006年1月六级题）
【答案解析】本题中get是连系动词，find out 改为found out，后面应该接过去分词表示被动，“终会被发现”。

9—5 主动形式表被动意义
英语中有一类既是及物动词又是不及物动词的动词。

当它们作为不及物动词而主语又是指物的名词或代词时，往往含有被动意义。

因为从逻辑意义上讲这些名词本身不具备执行动作的能力，只能作为动作的承受者。

由于动词本身的含义及主语的内在特征，这些动词表达被动意义的方式和与其他词语的搭配又有很多不同之处。

(1) 某些连系动词smell，taste，sound，feel等。

如：
The cloth feels soft. 这布摸上去很柔软。

The cake tastes good. 这蛋糕很好吃。

That sounds very reasonable. 那听起来很有道理的。

Cotton______nice and soft.（2005年高考全国卷）
A. is felt
B. is feeling
C. feel
D. feels
【答案选D】feel的主动形式表示被动意思，不能用被动形式。

此句为“棉花摸起来感到很好很软”。

(2) 某些不及物动词如build，cook，print，bake等用于进行时态（主要是现在进行时）。

这些动词构成的主动结构可以转化为相应的被动语态。

如：
The new house is building.=The new house is being built. 新房在建造中。

The newspapers are printing.=The newspapers are being printed. 报纸在印刷中。

(3) 某些与can't，won't连用的不及物动词。

如：
The container can't move.=The container cannot be moved. 这集装箱移动不了。

The door won't lock.=The door won't be locked. 这门锁不住。

(4) 某些不及物动词常与副词连用。

这些常见的不及物动词有：read，write，wash，clean，draw，burn，sell，cook，photograph，dye，dry，light，tear，carry等。

副词包括well，badly，easily，quickly等。

如：
The pen writes smoothly. 这支钢笔很好写。

The knife cuts well. 这把刀很快。

The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。

These bowls don't clean easily. 这些碗不容易洗干净。

The kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind. 这种米饭比那种米饭熟得快。

Nylon dries quickly. 尼龙织物干得快。

(5) 某些可用于“主语+ 谓语+ 主补”结构中的不及物动词。

如：
This material has worn thin. 这种布料已穿薄了。

The window blew open. 这窗吹开了。

(6) 某些以含动词意义的名词作介词宾语构成的介词词组可表示被动意义。

如：
Oranges are on sale. 橘子在出售。

The question is under discussion. 问题在讨论之中。

(7) 有些不及物动词的进行式也具有被动意义。

如：
Prices are advancing. 物价在上涨。

Corn is selling briskly. 谷物畅销。

9—6 被动语态与系表结构的区别
“系动词+用作表语的过去分词”称为系表结构，它与被动语态的形式完全一致。

但有以下几点不同：
(1) 被动语态中的过去分词是动词，表动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，表状态。

如：
The composition was written with great care. 这篇作文写得很用心。

（被动语态）
These goods are all sold out. 这些货物全部出售了。

（系表结构）
(2) 被动语态可用by短语表动作的执行者；系表结构通常不用by短语。

如：
The man was offended by the woman. 那个男人被那个女人激怒了。

（被动语态）
The man was offended. 那个人很生气。

（系表结构）
(3) 系表结构一般只用于一般现在时或一般过去时；被动语态除可用于上述两种时态之外，还可用于其他时态。

如：
The flowers will be planted next week. 下周种花。

（被动语态）
Museums are closed to the public on Mondays. 博物馆每逢星期一闭馆。

（系表结构）(4) 系表结构中的过去分词可被very修饰；被动语态中的过去分词可用much修饰。

如：
He was very agitated. 他很激动。

（系表结构）
He was much agitated by the news. 这消息使他很激动。

（被动语态）
(5) 有些句子既可是被动语态，也可是系表结构，应根据上下文去理解。

如：
The door was closed. 门关上了。

The road was mended. 路修好了。

9—7 单元练习
Ⅰ. 选择最佳答案填空。

(1) With the development of science，more new technology______to the fields of IT.
A. has introduced
B. is being introduced
C. is introduced
D. was introduced
(2) —Is the meeting held in Room 302 or 203?
—It should be 302. But I hear that it______till tomorrow.
A. was put off
B. will put off
C. has been put off
D. is put off
(3) When and where to go for on-salary holiday______yet.
A. are not decided
B. have not been decided
C. is not being decided
D. has not been decided
(4) They______so that we wouldn't recognize them.
A. costumed
B. disguised
C. were disguising
D. were disguised
(5) All the apparatus______before the experiment began.
A. have been prepared
B. were prepared
C. had been prepared
D. had prepared
(6) The world's supplies of copper______.
A. have been gradually being exhausted
B. has gradually exhausted
C. are gradually exhausted
D. are being gradually exhausted
(7) The goods______when we arrived at the airport.
A. were just unloading
B. were just being unloaded
C. had just unloaded
D. were just been unloaded
(8) Tom______the best student in his class.
A. regards
B. regards as
C. has regarded as
D. is regarded as
(9) He______in the next room.
A. is often heard to sing
B. often heard to sing
C. is often heard sing
D. is often hearing to sing
(10) The sports meeting______because of the bad weather.
A. put off
B. was put off
C. was putted off
D. has put off
(11) In our school，library books______in two weeks.
A. return
B. must return
C. will return
D. must be returned
(12) Don't worry. All the children______by the nurse.
A. are well taken care of
B. take good care of
C. are taken good care
D. take good care
(13) —When______this kind of computer______?
—Last year.
A. did；use
B. was；used
C. is；used
D. are；used
(14) They are often asked______loudly in the library. They must keep quiet.
A. to speak
B. not to speak
C. don't speak
D. not speak
(15) The letter is______in French. I cannot read it.
A. writing
B. written
C. wrote
D. writes
Ⅱ. 改错题。

(1) This pen is written wonderfully.
(2) English is difficult to be learned.
(3) All this was happened in Lixin.
(4) A talk was listened yesterday.
(5) Great changes have been taken place in our hometown in the past two years.
参考答案
Ⅰ. (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) D (5) C (6) D (7) B (8) D (9) A (10) B (11) D (12) A (13) B (14) B (15) B
Ⅱ. (1) is written改为writes (2) be learned改为learn (3) 去掉was (4) listened后加to (5) 去掉been。