《呼啸山庄》中凯瑟琳恩肖双重性格的分析

班级
学号111660
毕业设计（论文）
An Analysis of the Double Personalities of Catherine Earnshaw in Wuthering
Heights
院（系、部）：外语系
姓名：高翠
年级：11级
专业：英语
指导教师：冯小萱
教师职称：副教授
2015年6月26日·北京
北京石油化工学院
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院系名称：外语系
作者签名：高翠
学号： 111660
2015年 6 月 26 日
Abstract
By describing a love tragedy, Emily Bronte expressed a profound feminist social criticism: In the patriarchal society, marginalized women can not take control of their own destiny. Eventually, the humanity of both oppressors and the oppressed has been distorted, thus causes the tragedy. With the analysis of the formation of Catherine’s double personalities, the paper aims to elucidate Catherine’s torment and pain in the face of the decision and analyzes its enlightenment to modern women when they are face to choices. Catherine Earnshaw is the heroine of Wuthering Height, for one thing, she was self-willed and always pursued freedom. For another, she has vanity and clings to fortune. The formation of Catherine’s double personalities is largel y due to her vanity. After entering into the upper society, she lost her nature. With Catherine’s double personalities as the breakthrough point, based on the systemic summary of former achievements, this paper re-interprets her love story with Heathcliff, and analyze her double personalities’ impact on their love tragedy.
Keywords:distortion of humanity, Catherine, double personality, love tragedy
摘要
通过描写爱情悲剧,艾米莉·勃朗特表达了一种深刻的女性主义社会批判：在父权制社会下，处于社会边缘的女性无法掌握自己的命运。

最终压迫者和被压迫者的人性都被扭曲，造成了悲剧。

本篇论文旨在通过分析凯瑟琳双重性格的形成原因，阐释她面对抉择时的痛苦与挣扎，分析其对当代女性面对抉择时的启示。

凯瑟琳·恩肖是《呼啸山庄》的女主人公，她既有狂妄不羁、追求自由的一面，又有爱慕虚荣、贪恋繁华的一面。

凯瑟琳双重性格的形成很大程度源于她受到上层社会冲击后的迷惘与人性的迷失。

本文在系统总结前人研究成果的基础上，以凯瑟琳的双重性格为切入点，重新解读她和男主人公希斯克利夫的爱情故事，分析凯瑟琳的双重性格在他们爱情悲剧中所造成的影响。

关键词：人性扭曲，凯瑟琳，双重性格，爱情悲剧
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction (1)
1.1 Introduction of the author (1)
1.2 Literature review (2)
1.3 Overview of the paper................ (2)
Chapter 2 Catherine's Double Personalities (4)
2.1 Catherine as a normal character (4)
2.1.1 The kind-hearted girl (4)
2.1.2 The stubborn and rebellious girl (5)
2.2 Catherine as a character with double personalities (6)
Chapter 3 The Analysis of Reason Causing Catherine Earnshaw's Change from
a Normal Character to a Character with Double Personalities (10)
3.1 Catherine's life experiences (10)
3.2 The social background and the female view under patriarchy (12)
Chapter 4 Conclusion (14)
References (16)
Acknowledgements (17)
Chapter 1 Introduction
Emily Bronte was born in the 19th century and she is a distinguished British writer. She is known for her only work Wuthering Heights, which laid the foundation for her position in the history of English literature and world literature. Emily experienced a brief lifetime. On one side, she had never received a systematic and complete education. On the other side, she had no practical experience with love and marriage. People wonder how she could write out such a profound love masterpiece. Bronte sisters had been encouraged and learnt from each other by exchanging views since childhood. In this regard, they learnt to train and foster their writing skills.
1.1 Introduction to the novel
Wuthering Heights was a story about revenge and love. It showed the deformity of the society. In such a society, humanity was distorted. The plot of the story was gradually spread by four stages. Chapter one narrated Heathcliff and Catherine’s childhood, in which they were closely associated with each other. An outcast and a lady formed one kind of special fondness and they rebelled against an oppressive ruler —Hindley. Chapter two centered upon Catherine’s change. She was the faithful companion of Heathcliff, but then she changed. She had to be cute and well—behaved in the presence of Linton’s family. But she was still her real self in Wuthering Heights. Then she betrayed Heathcliff and married with Linton because of her vanity and ignorance. In this process she formed double personalities. The last two stages described Heathcliff’s revenge.
1.2 Literature review
Sun Jing(2010) indicates in Double Tragedy of Ethics Distortion: Focusing on Catherine that Catherine is the key character of the novel. The reason why she married with Linton was not only because of her love for Linton, but because her complex
value orientation. Ma Yuwen (2014) indicates in Love but can’t be together, be Together but don’t Love Each Other——female’s love tragedy in the Patriarchal Society in Wuthering Heights that Catherine betrayed her loved Heathcliff, thus betrayed her soul for her vanity. She was an abnormal character who was distorted by the reality. Her ideal love was difficult to implement in the patriarchal society. The intensive conflict between reason and passion caused her double personalities. MaKun(2003) put forward that
“when they looked inside Thrushcross Grange through the window, Catherine
and Heathcliff were separated. They saw a beautiful place lighting
civilization of mankind, just like heaven. And it was in stark contrasts with
Wuthering Heights. The glance shattered the original state of herself, and
sent her into a civilized, rational and well—ordered world.” This new world
was destined to revolutionize her notion.
Therefore the character developments of Catherine have been analyzed comparatively clear and profound. But less attention was paid to the detailed research of her changing during different stages and the inevitability of the formation of her double personalities. Further researches should be done on Catherine’s goodness, on her struggle and suffering when she was in face of choices, and its enlightenment to modern women.
1.3 Overview of the paper
This paper has four chapters in total. Chapter One introduces the novel and indicates the important of the research. In Chapter Two, this paper analyzes Catherine’s double personalities. It emphasized on Catherine’s change after she met Linton and her struggle between the two men. In Chapter Three, this paper analyzes the reasons causing Catherine’s change from three aspects. Though Catherine has a special life experience, the hierarchical thoughts and her vanity are the real reason. Chapter four
concludes the paper.
Chapter 2 Catherine’s Double Personalities
E. M. Forster (2002) classified novel figures into two groups in Aspects of the Novel: flat character and round character. A flat character will never surprise us, but the unknown aspects of a round character will surprise us a lot. Catherine as a character with double personalities meets the demands of a round character. When she was young, she was spoiled. But after old Earnshaw transferred his affection to Heathcliff, the beloved family life was what her heart craved. And then Heathcliff’s compliance satisfied her need to some extent. Yearning for freedom and rebel were their resemblance. So they chummed around with each other and felt sympathetic with their souls. Catherine once even said that she is Heathcliff. Catherine and Heathcliff had spent a wonderful time when old Earnshaw was alive. However, after old Earnshaw’s death, Catherine’s brother Hindley Earnshaw took control of the house. Hindley insulted Heathcliff and debased him as a servant, which aroused Catherine’s sense of justice. Heathcliff could tolerate Hindley with Catherine’s accompany. However, Catherine’s notion was subverted after she had stayed at Thrushcross Grange for five weeks. She wanted to marry with Linton to gain respect and to protect Heathcliff from her brother’s hurt. But Heathcliff’s leave made her realize that her dream was shattered. On one side, she wanted to enjoy the harmonious and warm family life with Linton. On the other side, she wished to keep her relationship with Heathcliff. Apparently, that is impossible. Heathcliff’s leave and Linton’s indifference broke her heart.
2.1 Catherine as a Normal character
2.1.1The kind-hearted girl
Catherine’s internal nature is good. By means of Nelly’s description, we can see that Catherine is a sweet little girl. For “She meant no harm, when once she made you cry, it seldom happened that she would not keep your company”（Bronte 2008: 51). She has a wayward nature and she always drives people crazy, but she would feel sorry if someone is sad. Although Catherine defied her father and Joseph with her bold and
saucy look, she is very kind. When she and Heathcliff knew that old Earnshaw is dead, “The little souls were comforting each other with better thoughts than I could have hit on; no parson in the world ever pictured heaven so beautifully as they did, in their innocent talk” (ibid: 53). It is said that the world is a reflection of people’s inner world. The reason why Catherine can imagine such a wonderful heaven is that she had something good in her nature. It can been seen that Catherine is a kind girl. After returned back, Catherine was shamed for her old friend Heathcliff. But when he was locked by Hindley, she was too sad to eat. She was still the warm-hearted girl, for once someone was sad she would feel unhappy:
She lifted a mouthful to her lips; then she set it down again; her cheeks
flushed, and the tears gushed over them. She slipped her fork to the floor,
and hastily dived under the cloth to conceal her emotion. I perceived she was
in purgatory throughout the day.(ibid:73)
She was still the warm—hearted girl, so she cried for Heathcliff.
2.1.2 Stubborn and rebellious girl
It’s true that Catherine is pure and kind. But on the other hand, Catherine is obviously a mischievous and saucy girl. Both kind and stubborn are her natures, for ‘She put all of us past our patience fifty times in a day” (ibid:50). From this we can see that unlike other traditional girl, she was naughty. She hated to be well—behaved. And “She liked exceedingly to act the little mistress; using her hands freely, and commanding her companions” (ibid:51), which shows that she likes to control others. At that time, women in such a strict patriarchal society were locked in the house and had to depend on their husband during their life time. Catherine is different from them. She is rebellious, for although born in such a family, she doesn’t have the noble behaviors like other aristocratic misses. She laughs at the worldly social etiquette and
promises to grow up as rude as savages.
As Catherine was deprived of all rights of women in the patriarchal society, she subconsciously wanted to rebel against her brother who would be the future parent, and hoped that there was a third force in an ally to help her freed from the power of her elder brother. Old Earnshaw didn’t buy her back the whip, but brought back a child from Liverpool as a gift from God for Catherine, and Heathcliff became the real "whip" she wanted ——an alliance of the third power.
Catherine and Heathcliff “do live more in earnest, more in themselves, and less in surface change, and frivolous external things” (Bronte 2008: 76). Before entering into Thrushcross Grange, she was kind-hearted and had a free nature. Heathcliff’s accompany was one of the reasons. She was self-willed and Heathcliff’s obedience made her free to show her feelings. Catherine’s childhood was in a closed world, which fostered her pure wild beauty. Although she was a lady of feudal manor, Catherine sets aside all the religious services. Before breaking into Thrushcross Grange, the blocking Wuthering Heights separates her from the dangerously seductive world, which makes the best development of her nature.
2.2 Catherine as a character with double personalities
After getting known with the Lintons, her double personalities emerged. From one point of view, Catherine had to be cute and behaved in the presence of Linton’s family:
She had no temptation to show her rough side in their company, and had the sense to be ashamed of being rude where she experienced such invariable courtesy, she imposed unwittingly on the old lady and gentleman, by her ingenious cordiality. (Bronte 2008: 82)
From another point of view, though after getting along with the Lintons for five weeks, she knew that being rude was shameful, but when she came back to Wuthering Heights she behaved like before at home for reckless was rooted in her heart “at home she had small inclination to practise politeness that would only be laughed at, and
restrain an unruly nature when it would bring her neighter credit nor praise” (ibid:82). Therefore, before getting into Thrushcross Grange, Catherine is pure and happy. But after she got Heathcliff’s love and got known with the Lintons, she wanted more. She wanted to be wealthy and to be respected by her neighbors. After she saying yes to Linton’s proposal, she had a talk with Nelly for though she had made her decision, she was not sure about it. She said “before I tell you whether it was a consent or denial, you tell me which it ought to have been” (ibid:96). And “In my soul and in my heart, I’m convinced I’m wrong!” (ibid:98). When Nelly asked her the reason why she loved Linton, Catherine said “he will be rich, and I shall like to be the greatest woman of the neighbourhood, and I shall be proud of having such a husband” (ibid:97). She was in a dilemma. She had spent a wonderful time with Heathcliff and loved him deeply:
My great thought in living is himself. If all else perished, and he remained, I
should still continue to be; and if all else remained, and he were annihilated,
the universe would turn to a mighty stranger: I should not seem a part of it.
(ibid: 102)
Catherine knew that she loved Heathcliff more than Lintons, and she even described her different love for the two men:
My love for Linton is like the foliage in the woods: time will change it, I’m
well aware, as winter changes the trees. My love for Heathcliff resembles the
eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary. (ibid:
103)
From Catherine’s description, it can be seen that she loved Heathcliff very much. But she was vain and she wanted to be respected by others. The dilemma made her agony, for when she talked with Nelly “her countenance grew sadder and graver, and her clasped hands trembled” (ibid:99). Before married with Linton, Catherine thought it would be wonderful. Linton’s wealth would help her gain respect from her neighbors
and help Heathcliff escape from Hindley’s persecution “if I marry Linton, I can aid Heathcliff to rise, and place him out of my brother’s power”(ibid: 102). Then Heathcliff’s departure crushed her dreams. After she knew that Heathcliff left and had heard a part of what she said, she was shocked and regretful. She wanted to find Heathcliff eagerly, though the storm rattled over the Heights fiercely:
There was a violent wind, as well as thunder, and either one or the other split a tree off at the corner of the building: a huge bough fell across the roof, and knocked down a portion of the east chimney-stack, sending a clatter of stone and soot into the kitchen fire (ibid: 106).
She insisted waiting for Heathcliff “excepting Cathy, who got thoroughly drenched for her obstinacy in refusing to take the shelter, and standing bonnetless and shawlless to catch as much water as she could with her hair and clothes (ibid: 107).
Before getting married with Linton, Catherine thought she would be proud of having such a husband. To some extent, she satisfied her need. She married with Linton and she got respect from others. Nevertheless, it was a flash in the pan. Therefore, she wanted more. After moving to Thrushcross Grange, Catherine had seasons of gloom and silence. Linton ascribed her changes to her previous illness and worried very much. Then Heathcliff returned after disappearing for three years, which aroused Catherine’s nature. She was thrilled by his arrival “Catherine flew up-stairs, breathless and wild; too excited to show gladness” (ibid: 118). “Oh, Edgar, Edgar! She panted, flinging her arms round his neck. Oh, Edgar, darling! Heathcliff’s come back ——he is! And she tightened her embrace to a squeeze” (ibid: 119).
However, Linton was not as happy as his wife to see the old friend. He was reluctant when Catherine put his hands together with Heathcliff. Pathetic Catherine was too hectic to notice that it is impossible for them to be friends. She was hysteric the moment she noticed the truth. As a husband, Linton was wonderful. He is handsome, cheerful, trustful, honorable and rich. But no husband in the world would accept such a friend like Heathcliff. After Linton and Heathcliff quarreled with each other, Catherine felt desperate. She couldn’t understand why they regard each other as
an enemy. She wanted to be a little hardy girl again “Oh, if I were but in my own bed in the old house!” (ibid: 157). “I wish I were out of doors! I wish I were a girl again, half savage and hardy, and free...and laughing at injuries, not maddening under them!”(ibid: 159). But apparently she had to choose one between them, which was so difficult for her. She couldn’t give up her wealth and she couldn’t abandon her love with Heathcliff. So when her husband asked her to make a choice between them, she was out her mind “she lay dashing her head against the arm of the sofa, and grinding her teeth, so that you might fancy she would crash them to splinters!”(Bronte 2008: 150). Catherine suffered by her double personalities. She had been tormented.
Chapter 3 The Analysis of Reasons Causing Catherine Earnshaw’s Change from a Normal Character to a Character
with Double Personalities
The emergence of Catherine’s double personalities was unavoidable. She was unwilling to make the decision, for the two men met her different levels of love. A series of her behaviors after she met Linton showed that Catherine’s spiritual world was full of contradictions. In fact, there are two Catherines in her, and that is her tragedy. The extraordinary love between her and Heathcliff did not bring her happiness, on the contrary, it became one of the important reasons causing her tragedy. The family harmony she pursued and the ideal freedom she longed for coexisted. Although both ethical thoughts had their own justice and rationality, in reality, both of them were harmful to each other. So they conflicted with each other, which caused her tragedy.
3.1 Catherine's life experiences
When she was young, she was wild and full of rebellious spirit. Whip was her favorite, for she can use it to punish her partners. Every game time, she preferred to be the little mistress and controlled others. It shows that Catherine likes power and has a strong desire to be respected by others. There’s no wonder that she would marry with Linton. When someone did something against her will, she would neither eat nor drink until she got sick, which showed that she was stubborn. So when Nelly told her that she was wrong, she didn’t listen to her. Though she knew that she was wrong, she’s unwilling to admit her fault. When Joseph asked her to read Bible, Catherine said “I took my dingy volume by the scroop, and hurled it into the dog-kennel, vowing I hated a good book” (Bronte 2008: 25). Born in such a patriarchy society, she didn’t behave like other females, for she laughed at the social rules. Catherine was unwilling to obey men for she had her own thoughts. Therefore she fell in love with Heathcliff for they were so alike.
When old Earnshaw was alive, Catherine would do something naughty and silly
to get his attention. She did just what her father hated most and showed her pretended insolence. Before she met Linton, Heathcliff’s love satisfied her need. He got old Earnshaw’s favor and would listen to her. James Phillips put forward in his work The Two Faces of Love in Wuthering Heights that “When Heathcliff and Catherine first go to Thrushcross Grange and watch through a window Edgar Linton and his sister quarrelling over possession of a small dog, they are exhilarated with contempt”(Phillips 2010: 99).But after Catherine spent some time with the Lintons, her views changed. She wanted to be respected by more people. She wanted to be wealthy and influential. While during this period, Heathcliff lost his status in the house. So Catherine was determined to change. Graeme Tytler argues in his work“Nelly ,I am Heathcliff!” The Problem of Identification in Wuthering Heights that “since her return from her five-week stay at Thrushcross Crange, Catherine has been quite inconsiderate, even callous, in her behavior toward Heathcliff and generally unresponsive to his evident affection for her” (Tytler 1983: 168).
So the relationship between Catherine and Heathcliff was deep. That’s why Catherine was so depressed after his departure. And then, three years later, Heathcliff returned to the place, Catherine’s enthusiasm was ignited. She began to reconsider what she did before and realized once Heathcliff left her, she would go through a spiritual death. She couldn’t live without him. Earlier she betrayed their love and abandoned him, but now she woke up. She remembered her first love and her inner self. She was attracted by the outside world, and lost her nature. Her wildness disenable she enjoy the time with Linton. She concealed who she was and could not get real fun in Thrushcross Grange. But because of her weakness, she ruined her youth and love. She ruined Heathcliff and two generations. The author’s view for her was pity and wrath. Her double personalities were embodied in her double love views. She had a civil marriage with Linton and had a psychical love with Heathcliff. Through the two love relationships among them, it showed the different levels of love. The love between Catherine and Linton was just based on survival need, with emotional factors and property factors in it. But the love between her and Heathcliff was far more, which surpassed living and death. The power in it was instinctive.
3.2 The social background and the female view in the patriarchal
society
In the first half of the 19th century, Britain was a typical patriarchal society. The fate of middle class women was extremely miserable. They were kept in the house and had to depend on men for life. Meanwhile, female consciousness in English literature was awaken. Male’s discrimination against women encouraged women to fight for their rights. During the process, a batch of female writers appeared and they created a series of literary works. With their practical action, they declared to the world that they were as diligent and strong as men. In 1847, Emily Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre were published. Unlike Jane Eyre,Wuthering Heights aroused a lot of people’s dislike. It seems that Emily’s thought were incompatible with her society.
Emily Bronte showed her unique ingenuity on designing the names of the two places: Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. Though both houses were on the gloomy Yorkshire Moors, Under Emily’s pen, they had distinct features and atmosphere: Wuthering Heights was rage, rough and full of wild nature:
“Wuthering” being a significant provincial adjective, descriptive of the atmospheric tumult to which its station is exposed in stormy weather. One may guess the power of the north wind blowing over the edge, by the excessive slant of a few stunted first at the end of the house; and by a range of gaunt thorns all stretching their limbs one way, as if craving alms of the sun (ibid:2).
Wuthering Heights was on behalf of the original society，Catherine was born in such a place and she was wayward and rude. But Thrushcross Grange was like an elegant throstle, calm and peace:
A splendid place carpeted with crimson, and crimsoncovered chairs and tables, and a pure white ceiling bordered by gold, a shower of glass-drops hanging in silver chains from the centre, and shimmering with little soft tapers.(ibid:58)
Such a beautiful garden embodies dignity and worldly civilization. So when Catherine entered Thrushcross Grange, she was determined to change. She wanted to be an elegant and respected woman. So the distinct characters conflicted with each other, which formed her double personalities.
Chapter 4 Conclusion
The novel is filled with symbolism. Wuthering Heights is the token of nature, which is intact and untamed by civilization. Therefore, it keeps the wonderful lifestyle. It is a pure field which is protected by nature. The personalities of people in Wuthering Heights bear resemblance to the atmosphere. They live a simple but happy life in this natural place. The most remarkable characters in this place are Heathcliff and Catherine. They are the sons of nature and nature endows them with wilderness. Thus they are rebellious and have pure love to each other. In fact, the whole Wuthering Heights is a symbol of the natural life. It represents the natural, healthy and happy life.
But Emily is not a romanticist completely. She is a brilliant representative of critical realism. Victorian period is witnessing great changes. People are caught by the conflict between nature and civilization. Civilization brings people the comfortable life but ruins some wonderful qualities. Thrushcross Grange is the symbol of civilization. In fact, what Catherine and Heathcliff are facing is the problems with which the people in Victorian Age are confronted. Catherine is everyone who cannot deal with the relation between nature and civilization well. The values of the civilized world are conquering the spirits of natural life. In the natural life of Wuthering Heights, the hierarchical thought and vanity are far from Catherine and others. Even Nelly doesn’t look down upon Heathcliff. The natural atmosphere nourishes the simple and pure spirit. But after her encounter with Thrushcross Grange－civilization, Catherine betrays her heart and love because of the hierarchical thoughts and vanity. These vices are the result of the civilized world. Civilization is violating the natural and pure life. Some people are conquered at the cost of the happy life.
Though tons of people have evaluated Catherine’s behaviors, no one in this world can say that she was wrong, except for herself. She experienced a lot and had suffered a lot. She was hearted and accompanied Heathcliff when he was persecuted by her brother. Then she saw the material world and was lost in such a world. Though tons of people have evaluated Catherine’s behaviors, no one in this world can say that she was
wrong, except for herself. She experienced a lot and had suffered a lot. She was hearted and accompanied Heathcliff when he was persecuted by her brother. Then she saw the material world and was lost in such a world.
In modern life, there exists the same question. Many girls come to the big city and lost in it. They never saw such a big city and so many fancy cars. Some of their views changed rapidly. No matter what their initially wishes were, for now, they want to be rich and famosus. It is not hard for modern women to make their own choices, what’s difficult is how to find who they are. Don’t pretended to be someone popular, and follow the heart. Even encountered luxury, just think a while. And let the real self make the decision.
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