心理声学2

Linguistic role of speech (IV)
音系学和语音学 Phonology and phonetics
– 音系学研究的是语音的结构和功能。Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with how speech sounds structure and function in language. – 音位学研究的是语音的形成与声学特性 Phonetics is concerned with the ways in which speech sounds are formed and acoustic features of speech. Physiological phonetics Acoustical phonetics Perceptual phonetics
– Pressed voice
Relatively high amplitude of high-frequency harmonics.
声道的共振（过滤性） - (I)
声道模型 Model of the pharyngeal-oral tract
– Vowel shaping by the configuration of the pharyngeal-oral tract. – 管道模型 Tube model
Vocal tract shape and tube model
声道的共振（过滤性） - (II)
Spectrum of the neutral vowel /ə/
– Resonant frequencies
500, 1500, 2500 Hz …
The process of the production of the neutral vowel /ə/
语音信息 (I)
语音里所包含的四种信息
音位信息 Phonetic quality
– Linguistic content of a speech language
感情信息 Affective (emotional) quality
– Paralinguistic – Contribute to the interpretation of a speech message regarding the speaker’s emotion.
– F1
Vertical part of the vocal tract
– F2
Horizontal part of the vocal tract
– Lip-rounding rule
Lengthening vocal tract reduces formant frequency
声道的共振（过滤性） 共振峰 (IV)
语音学的研究范围
三个领域 Three arenas
– Physiologic phonetics
– Acoustic phonetics
– Perception
小结 – 语音科学简介
语音的定义
语音所包含的四种信息 语音的单元
– 音位 Phoneme
语音科学的范围
语音发声的声学模型 - Acoustic Theory of Speech (vowel) Production
声道的共振（过滤性） 共振峰 (II)
Effects of vocal-tract length on spectrum of the neutral vowel /ə/
声道的共振（过滤性） 共振峰 (III)
共振峰频率的简单规则 Formant frequency location – simple rules
– 高通滤波器 High-pass filter: +6 dB/Oct.
元音发音的声学模型 (I)
声源和共振 Source and filtering
– P(f) = U(f) * T(f) * R(f) – U(f) and R(f) is considered to be constant
小结 – 语音发音的声学模型
三个部分
– 发声 Phonation
– 声道的共振 Shaping of vocal tract
Resonance of the vocal tract - formant
– 嘴唇张开的辐射效应 Radiation characteristic
元音声学 - Vowel Acoustics
声道的共振（过滤性） 共振峰 (I)
共振峰 Formant
– 声道的共振 Resonance of the vocal tract
F1, F2, F3, and F4 …
– 共振峰的位置 Location of formant frequency
Length of the vocal tract Location of the constriction Degree of the narrowness of the constriction
语音信息 (II)
个人信息 Personal quality
– Extralinguistic – Informative on the speaker’s gender, age, and state of health
方向信息 Transmittal quality
– Information relative to perspective on the talker’s location
语音的定义 (II)
语音的主要属性
– 听觉和发声通道 Auditory-vocal channel – 传播性 Broadcast transmission and directional reception – 快速衰减 Rapid fading – 特殊性 Specialization – 分段性 Discreteness
语音发音的声源 (I)
元音的声源 Vowel sound source
– 声带和声门 Vocal folds and glottis
发声 Phonation
– Rapid variation of the narrow glottis aperture to produce a pulsing sound source
– Allophone （变体音素）
A systematic variant of a phoneme: seed, steed, speed.
Syllables, words, and sentences
– 有限的单元和无限的组合 Finite units (phonemes) and infinite combinations (word/sentences)
语音发音的声源-通道理论 Source-filter theory of speech production
声源 – 声门的振动: Glottal sound source 声道的过滤（共振）: Filter by the vocal tract 嘴唇的开张的辐射特性：Radiation characteristics of the mouth-opening
语音发音的声源 (II)
Positions of vocal folds for breathing and phonation
语音发音的声源 - 发声的机制 (I)
A series of high-speed cinematography for one cycle of glottal action on phonation
Vocal tract shapes for front and back vowels
嘴唇张开的影响
The additional filtering effect when the speech sound is radiated beyond the month into the atmosphere.
语音的语言角色(II)
Phonemes
– Phone （音素）
a sound pattern with some acoustic features that are strongly similar to other example sounds of the phoneme, e.g. [s]
语音的声学分析 (I)
频谱信息 Spectral information
– Spectrum – Spectrogram
基频 F0
– F0 and f0 contour
时域信息 Temporal pattern: onset, steady-state, offset 时长 Duration
– Spoken or vocal language?
– 语音是带有语言信息的声音；Simply speaking, speech is confined to those sounds that impart linguistic meaning as a modality of language.
语音发音的声源 - 发声的机制 (II)
声源的波形
– Glottal area – Glottal airflow
Glottal area and ariflow functions for phonation
声源的声学特性 (I)
两个特性
– 基频和谐波 F0 and the harmonics – 频谱的斜率： The amplitude pattern of the components over frequency: -12 dB/octave
语音科学 - Speech Science
Chang Liu The University of Texas at Austin
北京语言大学，2015年12月
内容提纲
语音科学简介
语音发音的声学模型 语音(元音)声学 语音(元音)感知
语音科学简介
语音的定义 (I)
什么是语音?
语Baidu Nhomakorabea的声学分析 (II)
声波 Waveform
语谱 Spectrogram
/ε/ vowel
频谱 Spectrum
语音的声学分析 (III)
语音信息 (III)
语音所包含的信息远大于声音所传递的语言 信息 Speech is more than a linguistic message communicated by sound.
语音的语言角色(I)
音位 Phonemes
– 语言中的最小单位 The smallest element and unit from which all words are formed. – Defined by the function in language system (linguistically, instead of acoustically) – Vowels and consonants
Spectrum of the glottal airflow wave
声源的声学特性 (II)
声高 Vocal pitch (F0)
– Vocal pitch does NOT change the spectral shape.
说话的方式 Style and force of speaking
Diagrammatic representation of the source-filter theory for vowel production
元音发音的声学模型 (II)
Examples of the production of model vowels according to the source-filter theory
语音的语言角色(III)
国际音标和字母表
– Discrepancy between the alphabetic representation and sound pattern in English – Not one-to-one pattern
One-to-many Many-to-one