四川大学高分子材料加工工程专业专业外语考试资料

四川大学高分子材料加工工程专业外语

1. Material

•polyethylene 聚乙烯, polypropylene 聚丙烯,

polyamide (聚酰胺)尼龙, polyester 聚酯

•polystyrene 聚苯乙烯polycarbonate 聚碳酸酯,

polyvinyl chloride 聚氯乙烯,

polymethyl methacrylate （PMMA）有机玻璃聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯

•synthesis 合成, polymerization 聚合, catalyst 催化剂, chemical reactivity 化学反应性, monomer 单体单体结构

•thermoplastic 热塑性塑料, thermoset热固性塑料, elastomer 弹性体2. Structure

•double bond 双键, repeat unit 重复单元, conformation 构象, configuration构型pendant group 侧基,

branch chain 支链, coil 线团

•number average molecular weight 数均分子量

•intermolecular attraction 分子间的吸引力,

hydrogen bonding 氢键, entanglement 纠缠、纠结, orientation 取向•amorphous 非晶, crystalline 晶区, crosslinked交联的•nucleation 成核, folded chain model 折叠连模型, sphereulite 球晶•blend 混合, composite 复合, morphology 形态, Composition 组成, component组分, matrix phase聚集相•Infrared spectroscopy 红外吸收光谱法

•differential scanning calorimetry 差示扫描量热法

•X-ray diffraction X射线衍射

3. Property

•glass transition temperature 玻璃化转变温度,

melting point 熔点, decomposition 分解, degradation 降解, thermal stability热稳定性, coefficient of thermal expansion 热膨胀系数

•impact toughness 冲击韧性, tensile strength 抗张强度,

reinforcement 强化, melt index 熔融指数

•modulus 模数, stress-strain curve 应力-应变曲线,

elongation at break 断裂伸长率, deformation 变形

•creep 蠕变, stress relaxation 应力松弛, annealing 退火•shear-thinning / thickening 剪切稀释/增稠

•pseudoplastic 假塑性体, viscoelasticity 粘弹性

4. Processing

•twin-screw extruders 双螺杆挤出机

•injection molding 注塑

•die 冲模, mold 模, cavity 型腔

•processing aids / additives 加工助剂, filler 填料•melt,熔融plasticizing 塑化, solidify 固化•Because of the close connection between the terms resins, plastics, and polymers, they are sometimes used interchangeably, although correctly used there are differences. To summarize, polymers are any material made up of molecular chains; plastics are synthetic, long-chain polymers that can be or have been shaped; and resins are solids or liquids that are subsequently shaped into a plastic part.

因为树脂、塑料、和聚合物这些术语之间密切的联系,它们有时可以互换使用,虽然准确地使用有差异。总之,聚合物是由分子链构成的物质,塑料是合成的,长链的可以成形的聚合物,而树脂是以后可以形成一个塑料零件的固体或液体高聚物。

•The complexity in polymers arises because solid polymeric materials can exist, in two very distinct types of structure. In one type, the polymer molecules are randomly coiled about each other with entanglement. This structure type is called amorphous. In the second type, the polymer molecules can pack together into regular, repeating structural patterns. These regularly packed regions are called crystals or crystalline regions.

在聚合物的复杂性的产生是因为固体聚合物材料可以存在于两个非常不同的类型的结构中。在一个类型的结构中,聚合物分子随机盘绕互相纠缠，这种结构类型被称为非晶。在第二个类型的结构中、聚合物分子可以折叠成常规,重复的结构模式，这些结构区域经常被称为晶体或晶区。

•The most important (but not the only) feature of a polymer that determines whether it will be amorphous or crystalline is the shape of the polymer repeat unit. If the repeat unit is complex, especially with large pendant groups, the polymer cannot pack tightly together and will be amorphous. Some of the most common amorphous polymers are polystyrene, acrylic, polycarbonate, and most copolymers. •最重要的(但不是唯一的)决定一种聚合物是否是非晶态或晶态的一个重要特征是聚合物重复单位的形状。如果重复单位是复杂的,尤其是有大侧基,聚合物不能紧紧的折叠在一起,即是非晶态。一些最常见的非晶态高分子聚合物有聚苯乙烯、丙烯、聚碳酸酯和大多数共聚物。

•In addition to these structural factors, the crystallinity of polymers also depends upon molding or processing conditions. Crystallization in polymers takes time to occur. Therefore, factors such as cooling rate can have strong influences on the amount of the material that crystallizes, since below certain temperatures there is not sufficient molecular motion to allow the molecules to rearrange into a close packing configuration.

除了这些结构性的本质因素之外，聚合物的结晶度还取决于成型或加工条件。聚合物的结晶需要时间。因此,冷却速率等因素可以对材料的结晶度产生很大影响影响,因为在一定的温度以下分子运动将减小到不足以使分子链重新排列一个紧密的折叠晶体构型。

•Most polymer materials have some characteristics that are similar to viscous liquids and some that are similar to elastic solids. These materials are therefore known as viscoelastic. Viscoelastic materials can be either liquid or solid, although the distinction between liquids and solids in these materials is not a clear one. The time dependence of viscoelastic materials is an important consideration that significantly affects their behavior. Most polymer viscoelastic liquids exhibit shear-thinning, and many are thixotropic.

大多数聚合物材料有一些特征,既类似于粘性液体又跟弹性固体相似。因此这些材料的这种性质被称为粘弹性。粘弹性材料可以是液体或固体,尽管液体和固体的区别在这些材料中并不明确。这些粘弹性材料的时间依赖性的是一个重要的考虑因素,很大程度上影响材料的性质。大多数聚合物粘弹性液体表现剪切稀释特性,而且许多是触变。

•The viscous nature of a polymer solid can be associated with long-range movements. The viscous material will move more freely than an elastic solid when a force is imposed, and all the energy input into the material may not be returned because of permanent deformations or the creation of internal heating. The long-range movements require more energy to activate than do the short-range movements. Hence, above a certain level of internal energy, the behavior of the material will more likely be dominated by long-range movements, and below this characteristic energy level, the material will exhibit only short-range movements.