三维地形图与地图符号

目录

摘要 ......................................................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ II 第1章绪论 .. (1)

1.1 引言 (1)

1.2 研究背景 (2)

1.2.1 地图符号学的发展需要 (2)

1.2.2 地理信息系统的需要 (2)

1.2.3 数字地球的需要 (3)

1.3 三维符号的研究现状 (3)

1.3.1 三维符号理论研究 (3)

1.3.2 三维建模工具研究 (4)

1.4 主要研究内容 (5)

第2章三维空间数据的获取方法 (6)

2.1大地测量与工程测量技术 (6)

2.2 地图数字化技术 (8)

2.3 GPS测量技术 (10)

2.4 摄影测量技术 (11)

2.5 基于绘制三维地图所需的三维数据 (11)

2.6 本章小结 (12)

第3章三维地图符号 (13)

3.1 三维符号简介 (13)

3.1.1 三维地图符号的概念 (13)

3.1.2 三维地图符号的分类 (13)

3.1.3三维符号的特点 (14)

3.1.4 三维符号的构图规律 (15)

3.2 三维地图与二维地图的区别和联系 (17)

3.2.1 三维地图与二维地图的区别 (17)

3.2.2 三维地图符号与二维地图符号的联系 (20)

3.3 三维符号的创建 (22)

3.3.1 三维地图符号设计方法 (22)

3.3.2基于Cass的部分三维地图符号的创制 (22)

3.4 本章小结 (24)

第4章基于CASS的三维地图的绘制 (25)

4.1 Cass7.0的简单介绍 (25)

4.1.1 Cass技术框架 (25)

4.1.2 三维绘图功能 (26)

4.1.3 CASS的主要功能 (26)

4.2 三维地图的绘制 (29)

4.2.1 DEM的建立 (29)

4.2.2 三维地图的生成 (29)

4.3 本章小结 (33)

第5章基于ArcGIS的三维地图入库 (34)

5.1 ArcGIS 简介 (34)

5.1.1 ArcGIS所采用的若干主流技术 (34)

5.1.2 ArcScene的安装及配置 (37)

5.2 ArcScene三维立体校园可视化生成 (39)

5.2.1 三维立体校园的基本流程 (39)

5.2.2 三维立体校园的具体步骤 (42)

5.3 本章小结 (44)

第6章结论 (45)

6.1 结论 (45)

6.2 展望 (45)

致谢 (47)

参考文献 (48)

摘要

20世纪以来，特别是20世纪80年代以后，随着现代科技的发展、各学科的相互渗透以及计算机辅助制图技术和地理信息系统的发展，地图制图也发生了重大变化，制图的时间周期越来越短，制图的工艺已由手工为主转变为计算机地图编辑与制作一体化。地图的产品模式也由纸质地图向数字地图、电子地图、立体地图和网络地图等多种产品共存的方向发展。

本论文根据当前广泛的市场需求和数字地图、GIS、数字地球的发展趋势，基于CASS7.0对地物符号进行了分类，并利用创建好的三维地图符号绘制三维地图。最后将绘得的三维地图导入ArcGIS中进行三维显示。本文主要包括以下几个部分:

(1) 讨论了目前国内外地图符号、数字地图和3D-GIS的发展状况和趋势,以及目前已经出现的具有代表性的地图符号实现软件，分析了其优势和不足。指出研究三维专题符号的意义和研究目标。

(2) 在理论上主要论述了数字地图三维专题符号的发展以及三维专题符号的特点。在二维符号构成元素的基础上，提出了三维专题符号构成元素以及三维专题符号的设计模式。

(3) 根据三维专题符号现有的制作方法以及其特点，将三维专题符号分成点状符号，依据细节层次模型(LOD)和符号图形变换，利用AutoCAD对数字地图三维专题符号分别进行了实现，面状符号利用DEM贴加纹理的方法实现。

(4) 三维专题符号的实践研究。在第一和第二部分的基础上，选择了交通大学的一个区域在ArcScene中进行了三维显示是本研究的一个案例。

关键词：三维地图符号，数字地图，Cass，AutoCAD，GIS

ABSTRACT

20th century, especially since the 20th century, the 80s,with modern technology, the mutual penetration of various disciplines and computer-aided mapping techniques and geographic information systems, map drawing also undergone important changes, increasingly drawing the time period. The shorter the manual mapping process has been transformed into computer-based map editing and production integration. Map product model also from the paper maps to digital maps, digital maps, three-dimensional maps and network maps the direction of the coexistence of a variety of products.

This paper based on the current range of market demand and digital maps, GIS, digital earth development trend of the surface features on CASS7.0 the classification symbols, and symbols used to create a good three-dimensional map drawing three-dimensional map. Finally, three-dimensional map was drawn into Arc GIS in the three-dimensional display.

This article includes the following sections

(1) Discussed the current domestic and international map symbols, a 3D digital maps and GIS development status and trends, and now there's a representative map symbol for software, and analyzes its strengths and weaknesses. Pointed out the significance of symbols and three-dimensional thematic research objectives.

(2) In theory, the main topics discussed three-dimensional digital map symbols of development and the characteristics of three-dimensional special symbols. Constitute elements of a two-dimensional symbols based on the proposed three-dimensional thematic elements and symbols constitutes a special three-dimensional design pattern symbols.

(3) 3-D special symbols according to existing production methods and their characteristics, will be divided into three-dimensional special symbols Dotted symbols, based on level of detail (LOD) and symbol graph transformation, the digital map using three-dimensional feature Cass symbols were carried out to achieve, area symbols add texture paste using DEM method of implementation.

(4) Three-dimensional symbol of Practice project. In the first and the second part, based on a selected region Jiao tong University, three-dimensional display is a case in this study.

KEYWORDS: 3D map symbol , digital map, Cass ,AutoCAD ,GIS