脓毒症集束化治疗的演变
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脓毒症的集束化治疗
张舸
浙江大学医学院 附属邵逸夫医院
中国首家通过国际医院 (JCI)评审的公立医院
中国医疗机构 最佳雇主
邵逸夫医院 下沙院区
• 脓毒症与多发性创伤、急性心肌梗塞以及卒中 一样,在严重脓毒症发生的最初几个小时内及 时采取有效的治疗措施,很有可能改善预后
• 脓毒症患者需要紧急的评估与治疗
• 由此带来的后果则是器官衰竭评分增加、心血管 支持时间更长、ICU住院时间更长。
• 90天死亡率无区别,但是EGDT不降低反而增加患 者费用。
• 研究表明:早期目标导向治疗(EGDT)并不能降低脓毒 性休克患者的死亡率。
• 真的吗?为什么?
• 以中心静脉压、中心静脉血氧饱目标的修订
• TO BE COMPLETED WITHIN 6 HOURS:
• 5) Apply vasopressors (for hypotension that does not respond to initial fluid resuscitation) to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥65 mm Hg 6) In the event of persistent hypotension after initial fluid administration (MAP < 65 mm Hg) or if initial lactate was ≥4 mmol/L, re-assess volume status and tissue perfusion and document findings according to Table 1. 7) Re-measure lactate if initial lactate elevated.
• LACTATE study group. Early lactate-guided therapy in intensive care unit patients: A multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:752–761
(2)经初始液体复苏血压仍低或初始乳酸水平>4 mmol /L时,测定CVP及ScvO2(SvO2),6 h复苏治疗的定量 目标为CVP≥8 mm Hg,ScvO≥70%(SvO≥65%)
(3)如果初始乳酸水平升高,应重复测定乳酸,复苏治 疗的定量目标为乳酸恢复正常
• ProCESS • ProMISe • ARISE
• 3h集束治疗包括: (1)动脉血乳酸测定 (2)应用抗生素前留取血培养 (3)使用广谱抗生素 (4)在低血压和(或)乳酸>4 mmol/L时,启动
晶体液30 ml/kg进行复苏
• 6 h集束治疗包括:
(1)经初始液体复苏低血压无法纠正时,应用升压药物 维持平均动脉压(MAP)≥65 mm Hg
≥ 70%。
Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of
severe sepsis and septic shock
Rivers E
Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1368-77.
• 2006年将指南中具有明确降低病死率的几项核心 内容和治疗措施组合形成“脓毒症的集束化治疗 (surviving sepsis campaign bundle,SSCB)” ,包括6 h和24 h集束治疗。
Surviving Sepsis Campaign
• 2004年制定了严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克诊疗指南。 • 2008年更新 • 2012年再次更新 • 2016年又一次更新
2004年的指南提出了6小时治疗目标
a)中心静脉压(CVP) 8–12 mm Hg b)平均动脉压(MAP) ≥ 65 mm Hg c)尿量 ≥ 0.5 mL·kg·时 d)上腔静脉或混合静脉血氧饱和度(Scvo2)
• 2.3 liters in the usual care group
• More patients in the protocol-based EGDT group than in the protocol-based standard-therapy group or the usual-care group received dobutamine and packed red-cell transfusions (dobutamine use, 8.0% vs. 1.1% and 0.9%, respectively; P<0.001; packed red-cell transfusions, 14.4% vs. 8.3% and 7.5%, respectively; P = 0.001)
During the first 6 hours, the volume of intravenous fluids
• 2.8 liters in the protocol-based EGDT group,
• 3.3 liters in the protocol-based standard-therapy group, and
• 6 h集束治疗包括: (1)动脉血乳酸测定 (2)使用抗生素前留取病原学标本 (3)早期广谱抗生素治疗 (4)早期目标性复苏(EGDT)
• 24 h集束治疗包括: (1)小剂量糖皮质激素使用 (2)血糖控制 (3)重组人活化蛋白C (4)肺保护机械通气
• 2012年最新的SSCB删除了原有的24 h集束治 疗,并将过去的6 h集束治疗更改为3 h和6 h 集束治疗
OR TWO OF THE FOLLOWING: •
• Measure CVP • Measure ScvO2 • Bedside cardiovascular ultrasound • Dynamic assessment of fluid responsiveness with passive leg raise or fluid challenge
集束化目标的修订
• TO BE COMPLETED WITHIN 3 HOURS:
1) Measure lactate level 2) Obtain blood cultures prior to administration of antibiotics 3) Administer broad spectrum antibiotics 4) Administer 30 ml/kg crystalloid for hypotension or lactate ≥4mmol/L
• At 90 days after randomization, 147 deaths had occurred in the EGDT group and 150 had occurred in the usual-care group, for rates of death of 18.6% and 18.8%.
集束化目标的修订
• Repeat focused exam (after initial fluid resuscitation) including vital signs, cardiopulmonary, capillary refill, pulse, and skin findings.
• Patients in the EGDT group received a larger mean (±SD) volume of intravenous fluids in the first 6 hours after randomization than did those in the usual care group (1964±1415 ml vs. 1713±1401 ml) and were more likely to receive vasopressor infusions (66.6% vs. 57.8%), red-cell transfusions (13.6% vs. 7.0%), and dobutamine (15.4% vs. 2.6%).
• ScvO2反应的是氧供和氧耗的平衡,如何判断患者 的容量状态和心输出量有更可靠地方法。
EGDT推广的意义
• 引起广大医护人员对脓毒症的重视 • 早期识别,早期处理脓毒症 • 液体复苏与容量的判断 • ……
• 2016年SSC指南取消了EGDT的建议,本身并未对 3/6小时集束化内容进行详述
• SSC官网专门设置了一个Bundles的网页,以供最 新的集束化指南更新,基于EDGT临床试验结果, SSC在其官网上发布了对2012版集束化治疗的修 改,但只是对6小时集束化治疗中的第二点做了更 新
• If initial lactate is elevated (> 2mmol/L), it should be remeasured within 2−4 h to guide resuscitation to normalize lactate in patients with elevated lactate levels as a marker of tissue hypoperfusion
• 2018年提出1小时集束 化治疗
• 最大的变化是从3小时和6小时的集束化治疗改成1 小时集束化治疗
• 临床医师应该立马对脓毒症或脓毒性休克采取治 疗措施,而不是等待或延迟复苏时间
• 哪怕复苏时间会超过1小时,最初的复苏与治疗, 例如:血乳酸的测定、血培养、液体复苏、抗感 染药物使用、严重低血压时血管活性药的使用需 要马上开始
• Protocol-based standard therapy required adequate peripheral venous access (with placement of a central venous catheter only if peripheral access was insufficient) and administration of fluids and vasoactive agents to reach goals for systolic blood pressure and shock index (the ratio of heart rate to systolic blood pressure) and to address fluid status and hypoperfusion, which were assessed clinically at least once an hour.
• There was no significant difference in survival time, inhospital mortality, duration of organ support, or length of hospital stay.
• EGDT的治疗强度更高:如输入更多的静脉输液、 升压药、红细胞。
中心静脉压和每搏输出量的关联
Kumar et al., Crit Care Med 2004;32: 691-699
中心静脉血氧饱和度
• Rivers的EGDT之所以取得成功,部分原因在于他所 治疗的全身性感染患者其实主要问题在于低血容量 (如ScvO2仅为49%)。
• 而超过70%的感染性休克患者ScvO2 > 70%( ProCESS研究中为71%)。
血乳酸测定
• While serum lactate is not a direct measure of tissue perfusion, it can serve as a surrogate, as increases may represent tissue hypoxia
• Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated a significant reduction in mortality with lactateguided resuscitation
张舸
浙江大学医学院 附属邵逸夫医院
中国首家通过国际医院 (JCI)评审的公立医院
中国医疗机构 最佳雇主
邵逸夫医院 下沙院区
• 脓毒症与多发性创伤、急性心肌梗塞以及卒中 一样,在严重脓毒症发生的最初几个小时内及 时采取有效的治疗措施,很有可能改善预后
• 脓毒症患者需要紧急的评估与治疗
• 由此带来的后果则是器官衰竭评分增加、心血管 支持时间更长、ICU住院时间更长。
• 90天死亡率无区别,但是EGDT不降低反而增加患 者费用。
• 研究表明:早期目标导向治疗(EGDT)并不能降低脓毒 性休克患者的死亡率。
• 真的吗?为什么?
• 以中心静脉压、中心静脉血氧饱目标的修订
• TO BE COMPLETED WITHIN 6 HOURS:
• 5) Apply vasopressors (for hypotension that does not respond to initial fluid resuscitation) to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥65 mm Hg 6) In the event of persistent hypotension after initial fluid administration (MAP < 65 mm Hg) or if initial lactate was ≥4 mmol/L, re-assess volume status and tissue perfusion and document findings according to Table 1. 7) Re-measure lactate if initial lactate elevated.
• LACTATE study group. Early lactate-guided therapy in intensive care unit patients: A multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:752–761
(2)经初始液体复苏血压仍低或初始乳酸水平>4 mmol /L时,测定CVP及ScvO2(SvO2),6 h复苏治疗的定量 目标为CVP≥8 mm Hg,ScvO≥70%(SvO≥65%)
(3)如果初始乳酸水平升高,应重复测定乳酸,复苏治 疗的定量目标为乳酸恢复正常
• ProCESS • ProMISe • ARISE
• 3h集束治疗包括: (1)动脉血乳酸测定 (2)应用抗生素前留取血培养 (3)使用广谱抗生素 (4)在低血压和(或)乳酸>4 mmol/L时,启动
晶体液30 ml/kg进行复苏
• 6 h集束治疗包括:
(1)经初始液体复苏低血压无法纠正时,应用升压药物 维持平均动脉压(MAP)≥65 mm Hg
≥ 70%。
Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of
severe sepsis and septic shock
Rivers E
Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1368-77.
• 2006年将指南中具有明确降低病死率的几项核心 内容和治疗措施组合形成“脓毒症的集束化治疗 (surviving sepsis campaign bundle,SSCB)” ,包括6 h和24 h集束治疗。
Surviving Sepsis Campaign
• 2004年制定了严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克诊疗指南。 • 2008年更新 • 2012年再次更新 • 2016年又一次更新
2004年的指南提出了6小时治疗目标
a)中心静脉压(CVP) 8–12 mm Hg b)平均动脉压(MAP) ≥ 65 mm Hg c)尿量 ≥ 0.5 mL·kg·时 d)上腔静脉或混合静脉血氧饱和度(Scvo2)
• 2.3 liters in the usual care group
• More patients in the protocol-based EGDT group than in the protocol-based standard-therapy group or the usual-care group received dobutamine and packed red-cell transfusions (dobutamine use, 8.0% vs. 1.1% and 0.9%, respectively; P<0.001; packed red-cell transfusions, 14.4% vs. 8.3% and 7.5%, respectively; P = 0.001)
During the first 6 hours, the volume of intravenous fluids
• 2.8 liters in the protocol-based EGDT group,
• 3.3 liters in the protocol-based standard-therapy group, and
• 6 h集束治疗包括: (1)动脉血乳酸测定 (2)使用抗生素前留取病原学标本 (3)早期广谱抗生素治疗 (4)早期目标性复苏(EGDT)
• 24 h集束治疗包括: (1)小剂量糖皮质激素使用 (2)血糖控制 (3)重组人活化蛋白C (4)肺保护机械通气
• 2012年最新的SSCB删除了原有的24 h集束治 疗,并将过去的6 h集束治疗更改为3 h和6 h 集束治疗
OR TWO OF THE FOLLOWING: •
• Measure CVP • Measure ScvO2 • Bedside cardiovascular ultrasound • Dynamic assessment of fluid responsiveness with passive leg raise or fluid challenge
集束化目标的修订
• TO BE COMPLETED WITHIN 3 HOURS:
1) Measure lactate level 2) Obtain blood cultures prior to administration of antibiotics 3) Administer broad spectrum antibiotics 4) Administer 30 ml/kg crystalloid for hypotension or lactate ≥4mmol/L
• At 90 days after randomization, 147 deaths had occurred in the EGDT group and 150 had occurred in the usual-care group, for rates of death of 18.6% and 18.8%.
集束化目标的修订
• Repeat focused exam (after initial fluid resuscitation) including vital signs, cardiopulmonary, capillary refill, pulse, and skin findings.
• Patients in the EGDT group received a larger mean (±SD) volume of intravenous fluids in the first 6 hours after randomization than did those in the usual care group (1964±1415 ml vs. 1713±1401 ml) and were more likely to receive vasopressor infusions (66.6% vs. 57.8%), red-cell transfusions (13.6% vs. 7.0%), and dobutamine (15.4% vs. 2.6%).
• ScvO2反应的是氧供和氧耗的平衡,如何判断患者 的容量状态和心输出量有更可靠地方法。
EGDT推广的意义
• 引起广大医护人员对脓毒症的重视 • 早期识别,早期处理脓毒症 • 液体复苏与容量的判断 • ……
• 2016年SSC指南取消了EGDT的建议,本身并未对 3/6小时集束化内容进行详述
• SSC官网专门设置了一个Bundles的网页,以供最 新的集束化指南更新,基于EDGT临床试验结果, SSC在其官网上发布了对2012版集束化治疗的修 改,但只是对6小时集束化治疗中的第二点做了更 新
• If initial lactate is elevated (> 2mmol/L), it should be remeasured within 2−4 h to guide resuscitation to normalize lactate in patients with elevated lactate levels as a marker of tissue hypoperfusion
• 2018年提出1小时集束 化治疗
• 最大的变化是从3小时和6小时的集束化治疗改成1 小时集束化治疗
• 临床医师应该立马对脓毒症或脓毒性休克采取治 疗措施,而不是等待或延迟复苏时间
• 哪怕复苏时间会超过1小时,最初的复苏与治疗, 例如:血乳酸的测定、血培养、液体复苏、抗感 染药物使用、严重低血压时血管活性药的使用需 要马上开始
• Protocol-based standard therapy required adequate peripheral venous access (with placement of a central venous catheter only if peripheral access was insufficient) and administration of fluids and vasoactive agents to reach goals for systolic blood pressure and shock index (the ratio of heart rate to systolic blood pressure) and to address fluid status and hypoperfusion, which were assessed clinically at least once an hour.
• There was no significant difference in survival time, inhospital mortality, duration of organ support, or length of hospital stay.
• EGDT的治疗强度更高:如输入更多的静脉输液、 升压药、红细胞。
中心静脉压和每搏输出量的关联
Kumar et al., Crit Care Med 2004;32: 691-699
中心静脉血氧饱和度
• Rivers的EGDT之所以取得成功,部分原因在于他所 治疗的全身性感染患者其实主要问题在于低血容量 (如ScvO2仅为49%)。
• 而超过70%的感染性休克患者ScvO2 > 70%( ProCESS研究中为71%)。
血乳酸测定
• While serum lactate is not a direct measure of tissue perfusion, it can serve as a surrogate, as increases may represent tissue hypoxia
• Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated a significant reduction in mortality with lactateguided resuscitation