中英文文献翻译-驱动桥设计与分析的理论研究现状

附录A 外文文献
The present situation of theory research on Drive axle design and analysis With the development of testing technology and improved driving axle in the design process to test the introduction of new technology and a variety of test equipment dedicated to carry out scientific experiments, all aspects of product structure, performance and strength of parts and components, life testing At the same time, extensive use of modern mathematical physics analysis, and assembly of products, parts and components to carry out a full technical analysis, research, and thus drive the development of bridge design theory to scientific experiments and technical analysis is based on the stage.
(1) Computer Supported drive axle design and analysis of the theoretical innovation:
Computer in the engineering design of the popularization and application, so that the bridge design theory-driven and technology leap in the development of completely different design process. Drive axle structure parameters and the optimization of performance parameters such as selection and matching, the intensity of components accounting and life prediction, simulation of the relevant products or simulation analysis of the art form that is more so on the choice of design and shape, design drawings Drawing will be conducted on the computer. The use of computer tools for analysis, because of its fast computing and large data capacity, we can use more accurate mathematical model of multi-degree of freedom to simulate the driving axle of the campaign in a variety of conditions, the use of modern advanced mathematics methods of analysis, can be obtained more accurate results, which analyzed for a variety of programs designed to work creatively to provide a great convenience. At present, due to the external computer equipment and the achievements of human-computer links, can be the computer's rapid calculation and logic to determine the capacity, high-capacity data storage and efficient data-processing capacity, the calculation results of dynamic image display function and creativity thinking ability and experience, the realization of human-computer dialogue-style semi-automatic design, or product design expert systems, design automation. The design process can be computer-related products on a large amount of data, data retrieval, on the design of the design of high-speed computing, computer screen displays graphics and design calculations; designers can also be used up pen and direct man-machine dialogue language graphic changes to achieve the best design options, and then by computer graphics equipment line drawings drawn products. This use of computers and external devices product design methods, collectively referred to as computer-aided design. CAD and CAM will be the future into CADMAT system will show the usefulness of its huge.
(2) basic studies to support the drive axle design and analysis of the theoretical innovation:
With the computer design of drive axle in the popularization and application, a number of modern methods of mathematical physics and the basis for new theoretical achievements in the automotive design has become more widely used. The design of modern drive axle, in addition to traditional methods, computer-aided design methods, but also the introduction of the most optimal design, reliability, design, finite element analysis of computer simulation or simulation analysis, modal analysis and other modern design methods and analytical tools. Bridge design and analysis of drive to achieve the current high level of theory, especially the past three decades is more than a century of basic science, applied technology, materials and manufacturing processes result of continuous development and progress as well as design, production and use of long-term accumulation of experience. It is based on the production of large-scale practice, the basis of the theory as a guide to reflect the achievements of contemporary science and technology-driven bridge design software and hardware as a means to meet the needs of society for the purpose, through the use of materials, technology, equipment, tools, testing equipment, test the technical and business achievements in the field of management, continuous development and progress.
(3) reverse engineering theory and methods widely used:
Driving axle in the field of automated manufacturing, and often involve an enormous amount of complex design and manufacturing and testing surface. Under normal circumstances, first of all applications on the computer computer-aided design and manufacturing technology for the design of product model, and then generate code for processing. With the traditional processing model, compared to reverse engineering a CAD model of characterization of non-existing methods of product design, but through a variety of ways from the physical model was taken from the data re-engineering development models of a product amend. Drive the design and manufacture of axle housing is a very typical reverse engineering methods.
(4) the application of rapid prototyping technology :
Product innovation is designed to give full play to the designer's creative imagination, using the technical knowledge and skills to carry out the innovative ideas that the principle of a practice, its aim is to creatively design a rich and advanced new products. In the development of traditional design, the process is divided into program design, technical design, process design and product manufacturing. With the development of information technology, product design and development of the scope of the content from the traditional extended to product planning, manufacturing, testing, testing , marketing, as well as the whole process of recovery. Traditional design, the extension of the product development cycle. Rapid prototyping technology is the complete CAD model solid model layer by layer
manufacturing technology, rapid prototyping technology to rid itself of the traditional processing methods, the growth of a new processing method to the complex three-dimensional processing is decomposed into a simple combination of two-dimensional processing. Therefore it does not need the use of traditional machine tools and processing tool, and only 10% of traditional processing methods of a 30% and 20% of the working hours of a 30% of the cost of products will be able to directly create and mold samples. Product innovation in the design and development application of rapid prototyping technology, with modern high-tech tools and technology to transform traditional methods of product design and development, to promote design innovation, product innovation, process innovation and management innovation to form a digital, virtual and intelligent , integrated in order to bring about a revolution in product design and development.
(5) the application of concurrent engineering to product management and development:
Drive Axle Industries has launched a worldwide competition designed to shorten a new product development time, reduce costs, improve quality, increase market competitiveness, manufacturers are increasingly becoming the most important issue to consider. Concurrent Engineering as a modern, advanced product design and development model to address these problems is a good way for countries to the automotive industry has been used. The so-called concurrent engineering, is the integrated, concurrent design of products and related processes of systems engineering, it takes from concept to product design, shape design, manufacture, use, maintenance of the entire process until the end of life of all the relevant factors that can solve the out of touch the design and manufacturing process design changes caused by frequent and long development time, cost of Higher contradictions can be designed to maximize the quality and development efficiency, and increase market competitiveness. Concurrent engineering, the key is the process of the product and its associated parallel implementation of integrated design, manufacturing and assembly-oriented design is an important aspect of concurrent engineering in product development throughout the entire process of design is the key. Innate quality of the product design decisions. Statistics show that products, including raw materials, manufacture, use, maintenance and other costs that 70% of the generalized cost is a decision from the design stage. The objectives of concurrent engineering is as much as possible early in the design stage on the introduction of the manufacture and assembly of the binding process, such as material selection, manufacturing processes, and assembly of such constraints, design changes to make as much as possible in the early stage of product development, and from manufacturing to assembly to reduce the occurrence of adverse situations, when to make a successful product design, product development to avoid the late change in design d ue to the enormous waste, which on the drive axle design and subAnalysis of the objectives of the theory put forward more demands.
附录B外文文献的中文翻译
驱动桥设计与分析的理论研究现状
随着测试技术的发展与完善，在驱动桥设计过程中引进新的测试技术和各种专用的试验设备，进行科学实验，从各方面对产品的结构、性能和零部件的强度、寿命进行测试，同时广泛采用近代数学物理分析方法，对产品及其总成、零部件进行全面的技术分析、研究，这样就使驱动桥设计理论发展到以科学实验和技术分析为基础的阶段。

(1)计算机支持驱动桥设计与分析的理论创新：
电子计算机在工程设计中的推广应用，使驱动桥设计理论与技术飞跃发展，设计过程完全改观。

驱动桥结构参数及性能参数等的优化选择与匹配、零部件的强度核算与寿命预测、产品有关方面的模拟计算或仿真分析即更进一步的美工造型等等设计方案的选择及定型，设计图纸的绘制，均可在计算机上进行。

采用电子计算机作分析计算手段，由于其计算速度很快且数据容量很大，就可采用较准确的多自由度的数学模型来模拟驱动桥在各种工况下的运动，采用现代先进的数学方法进行分析，可取得较准确的结果，这就为设计人员分析多种方案进行创造性的工作提供了很大的方便。

当前，由于计算机的外部设备及人机联系方面的成就，已可将计算机的快速计算和逻辑判断能力、大容量的数据储存及高效的数据处理能力、计算结果的动态图像显示功能与人的创造性思维能力及经验结合起来，实现人机对话式的半自动化设计，或与产品设计的专家系统相结合，实现自动化设计。

其设计过程可由电子计算机对有关产品的大量数据、资料进行检索，对有关设计问题进行高速的设计计算，通过计算机屏幕显示其设计图形和计算结果;设计人员可用光笔和人机对话语言直接对图形进行修改，取得最佳设计方案后，再由与计算机联机的绘图设备绘出产品图纸。

这种利用计算机及其外部设备进行产品设计的方法，统称为计算机辅助设计。

今后CAD将与CAM结合成CADMAT系统，更将显示出其巨大的功用。

(2) 基础学科支持驱动桥设计与分析的理论创新：
随着计算机在驱动桥设计中的推广应用，一些近代的数学物理方法和基础理论方面的新成就在汽车设计中也日益得到广泛应用。

现代驱动桥设计，除传统的方法、计算机辅助设计方法外，还引进了最优化设计、可靠性设计、有限元分析计算机模拟计算
或仿真分析、模态分析等现代设计方法与分析手段。

驱动桥设计与分析理论达到当前的高水平，是百余年来特别是近三十年来基础科学、应用技术、材料与制造工艺不断发展进步的结果，也是设计、生产与使用经验长期积累的结果.它立足于规模宏大的生产实践，以基础理论为指导，以体现当代科技成就的驱动桥设计软件及硬件为手段，以满足社会需求为目的，借助于材料、工艺、设备、工具、测试仪器、试验技术及经营管理等领域的成就，不断地发展进步.
(3) 逆工程理论与方法得到广泛的应用：
在驱动桥自动化制造领域中，常常涉及大量的复杂曲面设计制造与检测。

通常情况下，首先在计算机上应用计算机辅助设计及制造技术进行产品模型设计，然后生成数控代码进行加工。

与这种传统的加工模式相比较，逆工程表示了一种CAD模型不存在的产品设计方法，而是通过从各种方式获得的实物模型中抽取数据进行再设计的一种开发模式有产品的修改。

驱动桥壳设计与制造就是一种非常典型的逆工程设计方法。

(4)快速原型技术应用：
产品创新设计是充分发挥设计者的创造性想像才能，利用有关技术知识和技术原理进行创新构思的一种实践活动，其目的是创造性地设计出富有新颖性和先进性的产品。

在传统设计开发中，其过程分为方案设计、技术设计、工艺设计和产品制造.随着计算机信息技术的发展，产品设计开发的范畴已经从传统的内容扩展到产品规划、制造、检测、试验、营销以及回收全过程。

传统的设计，延长了产品开发周期。

快速原型技术是将CAD模型逐层完成实体模型的制造技术，快速原型技术彻底摆脱了传统的加工方法，采用全新的增长加工方法，将复杂的三维加工分解为简单的二维加工的组合。

因此它不必采用传统的加工机床和加工模具，而只需要传统加工方法10%一30%的工时和20%一30%的成本就能直接制造出产品样本和模具。

在产品创新设计开发中应用快速原型技术，用现代的高科技手段和技术来改造传统的产品设计开发方法，能够促进设计创新、产品创新、工艺创新和管理创新，形成数字化、虚拟化、智能化、集成化，从而带来了产品设计开发的革命。

(5) 并行工程应用到产品的管理与开发：
驱动桥产业己在世界范围内展开了剧烈的竞争，缩短新产品的设计一开发时间、降低成本、提高质量、提高市场竞争力，日益成为各制造厂家考虑的首要问题。

并行工程作为现代的、先进的产品设计开发模式，是解决上述问题的好办法，己为各国汽车制造业所采用。

所谓并行工程，是集成、并行设计产品及相关过程的系统工程，它考虑到产品从概念设计、设计定型、制造、使用、维修直至报废这一全过程中的所有相关因素，能解决因设计与制造工艺脱节而引起的设计改动频繁、开发时间长、成本
高等矛盾可最大限度地提高设计质量和开发效率，提高产品的市场竟争力。

并行工程的关键是对产品及其相关过程实行集成的并行设计，面向制造与装配的设计是并行工程的重要内容，在产品开发的整个过程中，设计是关键。

产品的先天质量决定于设计。

统计表明，产品在包括原材料、制造、使用、维修等各方面的花费即广义成本的70%也是由设计阶段决定。

并行工程的目标就是尽量早地在设计阶段就引入制造与装配等工艺的约束，例如材料的选择、制造工艺性、装配性等约束，使设计方案的修改尽可能地在产品开发的前期进行，减少从制造到装配时发生的不利情况，使产品设计一次成功，避免在产品开发后期因改变设计而造成的巨大浪费，这就对驱动桥设计与分析理论的目标提出了更苛刻的要求。