英语委婉语
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
英语委婉语
英文euphemism(委婉语)一词系源自希腊语。
词头"eu-"的意思是"good"(好),词干"phemism"的意思是"speech"(言语),整个字面意义是"word of good omen"(吉言)或(好的说法)。
一般认为,凡是表示禁忌或敏感事物的含蓄、迂回或动听的言词,均在委婉语之列。
英语委婉语一般可分成两大类:传统委婉语(traditional euphemisms)和文体委婉语stylistic euphemisms。
所谓传统委婉语亦称是与禁忌语密切相关的。
象生、病、死、葬、性、裸、拉、撒等禁忌事物,如果直接表达,那就是禁忌语,给人的感觉是粗鄙,生硬,刺耳,无礼。
反之,如果间接表达,这就是委婉语,给人的印象是典雅,含蓄,中听,有礼。
所谓文体委婉语,亦称实际上是恭维话、溢美之词,与禁忌语并无关系。
英、美人(尤其是当代美国人)在交际过程中,为了表示礼貌,为了避免刺激,或是为了争取合作,有时会采用夸饰的手法,对一些令人不快的事物以美言相称。
英语委婉语的构成方法各种各样,丰富多彩。
一般可分为下面几种类型:构词手段,拼写手段,词汇手段,语法手段和修辞手段等。
(1)合词法(compounding):如:gezudna(goes+under+"床下放",即夜壶)。
(2)反成法(backformation):反成法是通过删除假想中的词缀来构成委婉词。
由于这种构词法产词是不大,所以造出的词大多新颖别致,用来代替常见的敏感词,也能收到委婉的效果。
如:bugle(盗窃,由burglar[夜盗]盗删去"词尾"而成,用以替代。
(3)首字母组合法(acronym):首字母组合法是将禁忌词语或敏感词语的第一个字母抽出来拼合在一起借以掩饰。
如:BM(bowel movement,大便)the Big C (癌症)
(4)截短法(clipping):截短法是将一些词语斩头去尾以掩饰。
如:gents(Gentlement's Room)(男厕所)lav (lavatory,厕所)
(5)曲读异拼法(phonetic distortion):曲读异拼法是有意将禁忌词语的发音略加变动,借以避讳。
如:god, gosh(god 上帝)
(6)压韵替代法(rhyming slang):压韵替代法是利用一些词语与禁忌词语押韵的特点来取而代之。
如:sis, (piss 小便)
(7)逆拼法(backslang):逆拼法是将一些禁忌或敏感的单词自后向前拼写,以便避讳。
如:elly-bay(belly肚子)
(8)首字母异拼法(respelling of initials):首字母异拼法是将一些禁忌或敏感单词的首字母按照发音拼写出来,效果委婉。
如:dee(damn,该死)
(9)标点符号法(punctuation):如:d——(damn该死的)son of a ——(son of a bitch,狗娘养的)
(10)同义词替代法(synonyms)如:slim(苗条的,即skinny,皮包骨头)
(11)借词法borrowing):一般认为,英语中的本族词-盎格鲁撒克逊词-多为平民百姓的口语词,不登大雅之堂。
所以很多人,尤其是知识分子和学生都喜欢借用法语词或拉丁词来婉指那些令人尴尬的事物。
如:lingerie(内衣underwear)
(12)模糊词语法(fuzzy words):如:affair(事物,即桃色事件)
(13)儿语法(nurseryism):借用儿童用语来充当委婉语。
小孩子讲话天真无邪,如果大人,尤其是中年人模仿儿语,有时效果是既委婉又幽默。
如:pee-pee(小便)poo-poo(大便)
(14)反面着笔法(negation):从相反的角度去表达那些令人不快的事物,效果有时会比正面直说婉转些。
如:unwise(不聪明,即,愚蠢的)
(15)比喻法(metaphorical transfer):根据禁忌事物的特点,将其描绘成具有相同特点的可以接受的事物。
如:go to sleep forever(长眠,即die死去)
(16)借代法(metonymical transfer):用整体来代替那些不便直言的局面。
如:chest(胸部,即breast乳房)
(17)低调说法(understatement):如一种明抑实扬、言轻义重的含蓄的说法,用来表达不愉快的事情时,效果委婉,听者易于接受。
smelly (有味道,即stinking,发臭)
(18)迂回说法(periphrasis):迂回说法是将不便直言的事物用转弯抹角的方式表达出来。
其结果是短词长写,"短话长说"。
如:adjustment downward(向下调整,即drop下跌)
(19)首字母曲解法(reinterpretation of initials):首字母曲解法是有意对首字母词作出别的解释,效果不仅委婉,而且还带有幽默色彩。
如:hot and cold (heroin and cocaine,海洛因可卡因合剂)
以上这些方法,大体上都贯穿了两个原则:一是若即若离的原则,一是美好中听的原则。
一般说来,委婉语有三个方面的作用。
一是避免刺激,给人以安慰;二是消除粗俗,给人以文雅;三是摒弃陈腐,给人以新颖。
善于委婉,这是心灵美、修养高的表现。
在英语中,象生、死、如厕等话题直说很不文雅,这时我们可以用委婉的说法,下面是笔者收集的一些有关这些话题的说法。
1)Being in Love (恋爱)
assignation (本义)指定
to be gone on (本义)一去不返
to be shock up (本义)被震撼的
to be taken (本义)被吸引住
H2 (本义)hot and heavy
to have a crush on (本义)捣碎
meeting (本义)会面
to set one's cap for (本义)指向某人
to set one's sights at (本义)目光落在身上
to take a fancy to (本义)喜欢上
to walk out 出去溜达
to cut one's eye at (本义)瞥一眼
the glad eye (本义)高兴的眼光
to look sweet on (本义)
to make eyes at (本义)对某人使眼色wandering eye (本义)游荡的眼光
2) Pregnancy (怀孕)
a hole out in one(本义)一击入洞(高尔夫术语)an accident(本义)事故
anticipating(本义)期待的
awkward(本义)行动不便
to be caught(本义)被捉住
to be gone(本义)已过去了
to beget(本义)产生
break one's ankle(本义)脚骨折了
clucky(本义)抱窝的
eating for two(本义)吃双份饭
expecting(本义)期待的
an expectant mother(本义)期待的母亲
to fall(本义)倒下了
far gone(本义)去日苦多
fragrant(本义)香喷喷的
full of heir(本义)怀有继承人
to have a hump in the front(本义)前身有块隆肉
to have one watermelon on the vine(本义)藤上有瓜了
to have one on the way (本义)有人要来
in a bad shape(本义)身体不佳
in a certain condition(本义)身处某种状态
in a delicate condition(本义)身体虚弱
in a (the) family way(本义)家常打扮
in a familiar way(本义)熟悉地
in a particular condition(本义)处于特殊状态
in an interesting condition(situation, state)(本义)处于有趣状态in trouble(本义)惹上麻烦
infanticipating(本义)期望得子
irregularity(本义)不规则现象
knitting(本义)绒衣
to knock up(本义)敲门叫人
lady-in-waiting(本义)有所期待的女子
to learn all about diaper folding(本义)学叠尿布
a mother-to-be(本义)未来的母亲
on the nest(本义)在抱窝
P.G.(Pregnant)怀孕的
preparing the bassinet(本义)准备摇篮
rattle shopping(本义)采购玩具
rehearing lullabies(本义)练唱催眠曲
to spoil a woman's shape(本义)坏了女子体型
to sprain an ankle(本义)扭伤脚踝
to swallow a watermelon seed(本义)吞了棵西瓜子that way(本义)那样
waiting for the patter of little feet(本义)等呆小脚牙声to wear the apron high(本义)围裙系高
a waiting woman(本义)等呆中的妇女
with a baby window(本义)有个凸窗肚
with child(本义)怀孩子了
3)Defcation (如厕)
to be caught short (本义)给了个冷不妨
the call of nature (本义)自然的需要
Can I add some powder? (本义)我可以茶点粉吗? to cash(write) a check (本义)兑(开)张支票
to do a job for oneself (本义)做点私事
do one's business (本义)干自己的活
to do one's duty (本义)尽职
to ease oneself (本义)自我轻松一下
to eliminate (本义)逐出
evacuation (本义)排空
to excrete (本义)排泄
to find a haven of rest (本义)寻找安息所
to fix one's face (本义)化装
to freshen up (本义)梳洗打扮
to get some fresh air (本义)去呼吸一点新鲜空气to give oneself ease (本义)使自己舒服一下
to go (本义)
to go into retreat (本义)去僻静
to go somewhere (本义)出去一下
to go to Egypt (本义)到埃及去
to go to one's private office (本义)到私人办公室去to go to bathroom (本义)到洗澡间
May I adjourn? (本义)我可以变换一下地方吗?May I please be excused? (本义)失陪了
natural necessity (本义)自然的需要
nature stop (本义)自然需要停车
to pluck a rose (本义)摘朵玫瑰
powder one's nose (本义)搽点粉
to relieve oneself (本义)轻松一下
to wash one's hands (本义)洗洗手
4)Death(死亡)
to be asleep in the Arms of God (本义)安睡在上帝的怀中to be at peace (本义)平静了
to be at rest (本义)在休息
to be called to God (本义)被召唤到上帝那
to be called home (本义)被召回家
to be home and free (本义)到家自由了
to be taken to paradise (本义)被送进天堂
The call of God (本义)上帝的召唤
to depart (本义)离去
The final departure (本义)最后离去
final sleep (本义)最后一觉
to go home (本义)回家
to go to heaven (本义)进天堂
to go to one's long home (本义)回到永久之家
to go to one's own place (本义)回老家
happy land (本义)乐土
to have fallen asleep (本义)入睡了
to have found rest (本义)得到安息
to have gone to a better place(land,world,life)到一个更好得地方去了in heaven (本义)在天堂
to join one's ancestors (本义)加入先人的行列
join the Great majority (本义)加入大多数
to leave this world (本义)离开今世
to pay one's fee (本义)付费
to rest (本义)休息
to rest in peace (本义)安息
to return to dust (本义)归之尘土
to sleep (本义)长眠
with God (本义)和上帝在一起
with their Father (本义)与圣父在一起
to fall (本义)倒下了
to do one's bit (本义)尽职了
to lay down one's life (本义)放下自己的生命
to be no longer with us (本义)不再与我们在一起了
to be out of pain (本义)摆脱痛苦
to breathe one's last (本义)呼了最后一口气
to cancel one's account (本义)销帐
pay one's last debt (本义)付最后一笔债
to fade away (本义)消失
to make one's exit (本义)退场
to kick off (本义)开球
to be free (本义)解脱了
to be gone (本义)去了
to be no more (本义)不复存在
to close one's eyes (本义)瞑目
to come to an end (本义)结束
to go beyond (本义)到远方去
to expire (本义)呼气
to go off (本义)离去
to go one's last (本义)走到自己的终点
to go one's place (本义)回老家
to go to one's resting place (本义)到休息地去to go to west (本义)西去
to kick the bucket (本义)踢翻水桶
to lose one's life (本义)失去了生命
to pass away (本义)离去
to stop living (本义)停止生存
to take one's rest (本义)休息
to shut up the shop (本义)关门
该文章转载自无忧考网:/show.asp?id=288938&Page=4
神舟七号Shenzhou VII (spacecraft)
载人飞船manned spaceship/ spacecraft
载人航天manned space flight
多人多天太空飞行multi-manned and multi-day space flight
载人航天计划manned space program
航天飞机space shuttle
无人飞船unmanned spaceship / spacecraft
试验太空船Experimental Spacecraft
多级火箭multistage rocket
太空舱capsule
返回式卫星recoverable satellite
通信卫星communication satellite
遥感卫星remote sensing satellite
运载火箭carrier rocket; rocket launcher
长征二号F运载火箭Long March II F carrier rocket
有效载荷能力payload capability
近地轨道low Earth orbit
调整轨道fine-tune orbit
绕地球飞行orbit the earth
气象卫星weather satellite / meteorological satellite
太阳同步轨道卫星satellite in Sun-synchronous orbit
同步轨道卫星geosynchronous satellite
轨道舱orbital module
返回舱re-entry module
推进舱propelling module
指令舱command module
服务舱service module
登月舱lunar module
发射台launch pad
紧急供氧装置emergency oxygen apparatus
空间物理探测space physics exploration
国际空间站International Space Station
太阳能电池板solar panel
太空升降舱space elevator
哈勃太空望远镜Hubble Space Telescope
月球车lunar rover
外太空outer space; deep space
银河系Milky Way
阿波罗号宇宙飞船Apollo
中国空间技术研究院CAST(the Chinese Academy of
Space Technology)
中国航天局CNSA(China National Space Administration)
美国航空航天管理局NASA(The National Aeronautics and
Space Administration)
太空服space outfits(space suits)
太空食物space food
着陆区landing area
主着陆场main landing field/ primary landing site
access flap 接口盖
antenna 天线
Apollo 阿波罗号宇宙飞船
artificial satellite 人造卫星
ascent stage 上升段
astronaut 航天员
capsule 太空舱
该文章转载自无忧考网:/show/298605.html
三鹿Sanlu
三聚氰胺melamine
结石门Kidney Stones Gate
婴幼儿配方奶粉baby formula
奶粉Milk Powder
奶农dairy farmers
乳制品行业Dairy Industry
母乳喂奶breast-feed (vs bottle-feed)
食品安全food safety
假冒伪劣产品counterfeited products
中国驰名商标top China brand
国家免检产品national inspection-free product
国家质检总局State Quality Inspection Administration
中国制造Made in China
奥运会与残奥会Olympics & Paralympics
该文章转载自无忧考网:/show/296301.html
一同义反译法
例子:
1. Only three customers remained in the bar.酒吧间只有三个顾客还没有走。
(不译:“还留着”或“还呆在那里”)
2. I'll be here for good this time.这一次我再也不走了。
(不译:“永远在此呆下去”)
3. Please keep the fire burning when I'm out.我不在家的时候,请别让炉子灭了。
(不译:“我外出时,请让炉子继续烧着”)
4. “Wait, he is serious.”“等等,他不是说着玩儿的。
”(不译:“等等,他是认真的。
”)
5. “Now, Clara, be firm with the boy!”
“听我说,克拉拉,对这孩子可不能心软。
”(不译:“……对这孩子要坚定”)
二删减解释词
例子:
The traveller in the south must often have remarked that peculiar air of refinement, that softness of voice and manner, which seems in many cases to be a particular gift to the quotation and mulatto women.
到南方去的人看见那些黑白混血的女郎,准定会注意到她们十之八九都赋有那种独特的优雅风度、那种柔和的声调和文静的举止。
三短句拆译
例子:
“...on one sunshiny morning in June , ...”“在六月里的一天早上,天气晴朗,……”
四译词推陈出新
例子:When he might well have acted with boldness, he found himself filled with doubts, scruples and equivocations, in addition to the ordinary fears of a lower.
原译:当他可以大胆行动的时候,他发现自己除了一个情人所具有的那种普通的害怕之外,心里还充满怀疑、顾虑和踌躇。
改译:等到他不妨放胆去追求的时候,他却迟疑不定,顾虑重重。
至于一般堕入情网的人那种种常有的提心吊胆的心理,那就更是难免的了。
原词原译改译
when 当……的时候等到……的时候
act with boldness 大胆行动放胆去追求
a lover 一个情人一般堕入情网的人
ordinary fears 普通的害怕种种常有的提心吊胆的心理
in addition to 除了……之外那就更是难免的了
五解释性添词
例子:
"George, I'm ashamed of you! George, I couldn't have believed you would have done it! I always knew you to be a rolling stone that gathered no moss; but I never thought you would have taken away what little moss there was for Bagnet and the children to lie upon," said Mrs. Bagnet.
“乔治,我真替你害臊﹗乔治,想不到你会干出这种事情来﹗俗话说得好:‘滚着的碌碡不长苔,流浪的汉子不攒财。
’我早晓得你就是这么一个流浪汉﹗可真没有想到你连贝格纳特和孩子们靠它过活的那一点点财也骗走,”贝格纳特太太说道。
六词无定译
例子:
It is quite useless to ask whether Vanderbilt was criminally prosecuted or civilly sued by the Government. Not only was he unmolested, but two years later, he carried on another huge swindle upon the Government under peculiary heinous conditions.
我们根本不必追问政府是否根据刑法或民法对范德比尔特提出起诉。
范德比尔特不仅逍遥法外,而且在两年后又以极其凶狠的手段对政府进行弓一次巨大的诈骗。