养 猪 生 产 中 的 七 个 要 点

Litter Weight at Birth 出生重 Milk Production 泌乳量 Wean to Estrus Interval 断奶到发情的间隔 Longevity 使用寿命 Libido 性欲
Reproductive Characteristics with a Genetic Component 繁殖性状遗传组分
• Ease of Operation 易于操作
• Worker Productivity 工人生产能力 • Avoidance of Hazardous Conditions 避免危险的条件 • Reduction of Injuries 减少伤害
Nutritional Challenges 营养挑战
• Perfection of Knowledge Expels Fear. 彻底了解就会无所畏惧。
•
Applied Nutrition Research Challenges 应用营养学研究 Bridge the Gap Between Producers and Researchers.
沟通生产者和研究者 • Demonstration/Proving of Existing Technologies. 现有技术的演示与验证 • Develop Ways to Implement New Technologies. 新技术的开发渠道 • Assess the Impact of Technologies on the Industry and Suggest Appropriate Action. 评估技术对养猪业的影响并提出可行方案
Animal Environment - Housing 动物环境－圈舍
• Designed for Pigs to live in. 为猪而设计 • Pig Oriented Housing Designs 以猪为指南的圈舍设计 • Temperature Control 温度控制
– Heating 加热 – Cooling 降温
• Boar > Gilt > Barrow 公猪>母猪>阉公猪
Growth Characteristics with Genetic Components 生长性状遗传组分
• Feed Efficiency 饲料效率
– Nutrient Digestion and Absorption 养分的消化和吸收 – Metabolism of Nutrients 养分代谢
• Growth Modeling 生长模型
– Avoid Underformulating or Overformulating 避免不足或过度配方 – Improve Growth Rate, Feed Efficiency 提高生长速度，改善饲料效率 – Increase Protein Accretion Rate and Total Lean % 提高蛋白增长速度和总瘦肉量
– Growth curve 生长曲线
• Early growth 早期生长 • Sustained growth 持续生长
– Should be appropriate to desired market weights 应是理想上市体重 – Regression of Body Size 体格的回归
– Desired End-product Considerations 考虑市场对终产品的需求
Nutritional Optimization 营养优化
• Formulation 配方
– Optimal Production Levels 最佳生产水平 – Optimal Costs of Production 最佳生产成本 – Best Cost，not only Least-Cost . 最佳成本不只是最低成 本
• Situation-Specific Requirements 特别需要
– Genetics 遗传 – Gender 性别 – Production Environment 生产环境 – Stage of Production 生产阶段
Nutritional Requirements of the Pig 猪的营养需要
Genetics is important in several key aspects of production: 遗传在养猪生产的下列方面很重要：
Reproduction 繁殖 Growth 生长 Resistance to Disease 抗病能力 Product Acceptability 产品接受能力
Genetics 遗 传
Performance of the pig will never be better than that level of performance permitted by the information encoded in its genetic material. 猪的生产性能决不会超过企遗传信息所允 许的表现
Genetic Resistance to Disease 抗病遗传
– Robust, Durable -> Coarse 强壮，耐粗->粗糙 – Fragile <--- Refined 敏感 <- 精细
• Foot and Leg Structural Soundness 肢蹄结实度 • Humoral Immunocompetency - Ig Production 体液免疫性－Ig产生 • Cellular Immunocompetency 细胞免疫性 • SLA/MHC Haplotype
Product Acceptability 产品接受能力
• PSE Pork 苍白松软渗水猪肉
– Halothane Gene 氟烷基因 – Napole Gene Napole 基因 – Others? 其它？
• • • •
Intramuscular Fat Content 肌间脂肪含量 Intramuscular Glycogen Content 肌间糖原含量 Muscle Fiber Characteristics 肌纤维性质 Skin/Hair color 皮肤/毛发颜色
Age at First Estrus 初情期 Intensity and Duration of Estrus 发情表现和持续时间 Seasonal Infertility 季节性不孕
Seasonal Infertility 季节性不孕
anestrus 不发情 failure to conceive 配种失败 pregnancy loss 妊娠失败 abortion 流产 late return to estrus 返情推迟 sows “not in pig”母猪不怀孕 failure to farrow 分娩失败 prolonged wean-estrus interval 断奶到发 情间隔延长
Reproductive Characteristics with a Genetic Component 繁殖性状遗传组分
Pigs Born Alive 活产仔数
Ovulation Rate 排卵率 Fertilization of Ova 受精 Embryo Durability 胚胎存活力 Development and Survival of Fetus to Term 分娩前胎畜的发育和存活
Nutritional Optimization 营养优化
• Interactive Growth Modeling 猪与生长模型的互作
– Constant Flow of Data from Farm 猪场数据持续转化为模型 – Adjustment of Diets to fit Feed intake and Growth rates. 调整日粮以与饲料采食量和生长速度相吻合
Seven Vital Points for Pork Production 养猪生产中的七个要点
朱稳森博士 孔明养猪技术中心 北京
7
Vital Points
I. Genetics 遗传 II. Animal Environments 动物环境 III. Nutrition 营养 IV. Herd Health 猪群健康 V. Marketing the Product 销售产品 VI. Waste Management 排污管理 VII. Production Management 生产管理
Growth Characteristics with Genetic Components 生长性状遗传组分
• Average Daily Gain 日增重
– Body weight gain 体增重 – Lean tissue gain 瘦肉组织增重
• Mature Body Size 成熟体格
Animal Environment - Interaction with the Pig 动物环境－和猪的互相影响
• Production Efficiency 生产效能 • Pig Welfare / Well-being 猪的福利
• Stress Reduction 应激下降
Animal Environment - Interactions with People. 动物环境－与人的互相影响
• Meet the Nutritional Requirements of the Pig 满足猪的营养需要 • Economic Optimization of Diet Formulations 日粮配制的经济最优化 • Meet Demands of the Market for Feed 满足市场对饲料的需求 • Continuing Research 继续研究 • Producer Education 生产者培训
• Uniformity of Growth 生长一致性
– Large drafts of Uniform Pigs Marketed 大批一致的上市猪 – AbiliBiblioteka Baiduy to design exact nutritional regimens 设计正确的营养配方的能力
• Durability 耐粗性
• Ventilation 通风
– Moisture Control 湿度控制 – Temperature Control 温度控制
Animal Environment - Equipment 动物环境－设施
• • • • • Access to feed 采食饲料能力 Access to water 饮水能力 Confinement/Control 封闭/控制 Animal Comfort 动物舒适 Usability - “ergonomics” 可使用能力－人类工程学
Demand of the Market for Feed 市场对饲料的需求
• Producer Preferences 生产者的偏爱 • Local Ingredients 当地原料 • Tradition 传统
• Knowledge 知识
Producer Education 生产者培训
• The more we understand the system, the better job we can do. 对系统了解越多，就会把工作做得更好
– Preferences of market 市场喜好 – Dehairing ability 脱毛能力
Animal Environments 动物环境
• Housing 圈舍 • Equipment 设施
• Interaction of the Pig with the Production Environment 猪和市场环境的互相影响 • Interaction of People with the Production Environment 人和市场环境的相互影响
Basic Nutrition Research Challenges 基础营养研究