2019高考语法精讲考情分析非谓语动词
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2019高考语法精讲考情分析非谓语动词扬帆起程的导航灯
在近五年的江苏高考单项填空中,都考查到非谓语动词,因此可把非谓语动词归为高考的重点知识。在复习非谓语动词的用法时应掌握非谓语动词的基本语法功能以及考纲中规定的非谓语动词的用法要点。
考生对于非谓语动词这一块知识失分的原因在于没有弄清楚非谓语动词的几大形式及句法功能,没有搞清楚时态语态、逻辑关系等。非谓语动词作为高考的重点兼难点,需要考生将其中的相关语法点理解透彻,找出错误根源,并总结出规律。
考点聚焦
疑难点津的北斗星
非谓语动词的基本形式表(以do为例),非谓语动词的否定都在其最前面加not。
,done
进行式,
主动式,to be doing,/
被动式,/,/,/
完成式,
主动式,to have done,having done
被动式,to have been
done,having been
done,done
完成进
行式,
主动式,to have been
doing,having been doing
被动式,/,/,/动词不定式
考点1 不定式的句法功能
1.不定式作主语
(1)动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数。
To know everything is to know nothing.
(2)在正式的书面文体中,通常用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后。
To get there by air will take you only about two hours.
=It will take you only about two hours to get there by air.
(3)it代替不定式作形式主语,常用于下列句式中:
①It be+n.+to do sth.
②It takes sb. some time to do sth.
③It be+adj.+of/for sb.+to do sth.
注意:
其他系动词,如look,seem,appear等也可用于上述句型。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.
2.不定式作表语
My duty is to get you away,to save you.
3.不定式作宾语
I hope to get back in a couple of days.
4.不定式作宾语补足语
常接不定式作宾补的动词有advise, allow, encourage,
intend, expect, forbid, prefer, remind, order, request,
permit, persuade, recommend, urge等。另外,某些动词短语也可以跟不定式作宾补,如call on, count on,
depend on, long for, wait for, vote for, rely on等。
I considered him to be the best candidate.
5.不定式作定语
不定式常放在某些名词或代词后,或在the first,the last,the second,the only 等短语后面作定语。不定式作定语与被修饰的中心词之间常表现为主谓关系、动宾关系,如果该不定式为不及物动词,其后应加介词。
The next train to arrive is from New York.
6.不定式作状语
不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果等。
(1)To do good work, one must have the proper tools. (目的)
(2)He rushed to the station only to find the train had left. (结果)
考点2 不定式的时态与语态
1.不定式的时态
不定式的时态体现在与谓语动作发生的时间先后关系上:
(1)当我们不强调这种时间先后关系时,用不定式的一般式。这时在实际意义上,不定式的动作或与谓语动作几乎同时发生或发生于谓语动作之后。
Mr. White was invited to make a speech at the meeting.
(2)不定式的进行时强调不定式的动作正在发生,并与谓语动作同时发生。
I'm so happy to be working with you.
(3)不定式的完成时则表示不定式的动作已发生,并发生于谓语动作之前。
I regret to have treated her in that manner.
2.不定式的语态
如果不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者,即逻辑主语和不定式的动词之间是动宾关系,或者主句的主语并非动作的执行者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。
It is an honor for me to be invited to attend the conference.
被邀出席这个会议是我的荣耀。
考点3 疑问词+不定式/动词不定式to的省略
1.疑问词和不定式连用
疑问词what,who,which,when,where,how和连词whether与不定式搭配,构成一个特殊的动词不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语和表语。
The question is how to deal with such problems.
2.动词不定式to的省略
(1)有些动词用作主动语态,后面跟的作宾语补足语的不定式不带to,此类动词有see,hear,watch,notice,discover,feel,listen to,look at,make,have,let等。
Will you please have your sister come to my office?
(2)动词help之后的不定式作宾语补足语时,to可有可无。
I helped my sister (to) buy a new house.
(3)当主语部分含有动词do的某种形式时,作表语的不定式可省略to。
The first thing I do every morning is (to) take exercise.
(4)在介词except,but之后,如果其前面有实义动词do/does/did,动词不定式不带to。
In my spare time,I do nothing but enjoy music.
句型归纳(含不带to的不定式常见句型):
had better do sth. 最好做某事
would rather do sth. 宁愿做某事
cannot but do sth. 只好做某事
do nothing but sth. 只好做某事
have nothing to do but do sth. 只能做某事
Why not do sth.?为什么不做某事?
考点4 不定式构成的特殊句式
1.在“too...to...”结构中,too与ready,easy,willing,eager,anxious等形容词连用时,不定式没有否定意义,too相当于very。
This problem is too easy to work out.
这道题很容易解答。
2.too前有not,never,only,all,but等词修饰时,不定式的意思是肯定的。
It's never too late to learn. 活到老学到老。
动名词