美国医药发展史

In this report, which is focus on analyzing the development and the current situation of the pharmaceutical industry in the United States based on strategic management perspective. U.S. is still leading the world's biggest market of pharmaceuticals and has the most advanced technology of producing bio-pharmaceutical drugs in the worldwide industry.

History

The development history of pharmaceutical industry should be concerned in terms of analyzing and diagnosing the whole industry. During the World War I, the pharmaceutical industry boomed because a large amount of drugs from Germany were patented and allowed to be produced in the U.S.. After The World War I, the door of the pharmaceutical industry was opened. When the World War II started, pharmaceutical companies cooperated with government to provide drugs to the military and there was no doubt that it would stimulate the development of pharmaceutical industry. There were a lot of new drugs and innovations appeared. For example, dyestuffs were found to be used as antiseptic and Penicillin was a significant discovery in the whole emergent industry. After World War II, pharmaceutical companies expanded business scale and operation scope and achieved the strategy of rapid expansion in healthcare industry. From 1946-1950, thousands of new drugs and biologics drugs were approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Research and Development(R&D) became firmly established within the sector. From 1954- 1970 period, the rate of return on investment of new drugs was 21% which benefited from the permanent patent protection and increasing investment enthusiasm. In 1980, Ronald Reagan became the President and the government encouraged to develop pharmaceutical industry energetically. A lot of

policies influenced the industry such as Bayh-Dole Act and Stevenson- Wydler Act. In 1990, with the economy declining and the expenditure of health industry raising, pharmaceutical companies had to face problemd of purchasing power decline. The whole industry was under stress to deliver genuine product innovation. Entering 2000, biotech drugs were becoming more and more popular even if it was produced in a harder way. Kenneth I . Kaitin(2004) stated that:

"Business as usual is no longer an option when it comes to developing new

prescription drugs. Pharmaceutical and bio-pharmaceutical companies are

spending more on R&D than ever before, yet the number of new drug approvals

has declined steadily. As a result, many drug firms are focusing on ways to

improve the efficiency and productivity of their R&D programs."

In the current situation, pharmaceutical companies have to focus on building capabilities that are truly differentiated and consistent with the changing demands of the healthcare market for survival. This project is going to have a deeply analysis on the current industry situation and on some specific pharmaceutical companies based on strategic management knowledge.

Challenges

Pharmaceutical industry of U.S. is facing severe challenges, coming with the healthcare reform, industry consolidation and other fiscal intermediaries within the U.S. Healthcare industry. Frist of all, patent expiration problems that affects many pharmaceutical companies in the U.S.. In the top ten sale list, there were six patent medicines expired between 2011 and 2012. Thirty billions dollars pharmaceutical market are threatened by generic medicines. Most of the large pharmaceutical firms are trying to