英语修辞ppt
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• 文中分别用every head和quick hands喻指小时候居里夫 人和她那班小女孩知道沙俄督学马上要进教室检查时，既 害怕却又镇静地藏好波兰历史书。作者使用提喻，描写十 分生动，读者看了犹如身临其境。
1. head
人体主要部位头head用于提喻可以代表各种各样的忍， 非常生动，例如：a hot head ,
• 以此引发读者联想和想象， • 并使语言文采斐然，富有很强的感染
力。 • 使语言生动形象，还可以使深刻的、
抽象的道理浅显、具体地表达出来。
Synecdoche(提喻)
Definition: It involves the substitution
of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part.
• He earned his bread as a teacher. 他以教 书为生。
• Living （“面包”指代抽象名词“生计” ）
• The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face.他的脸上带着凶残和贪婪的神色
• Fierceness greediness • 用“狼”指代其“凶残的”本性，用“猪
• 例2：Two heads are better than one.两个脑袋总比一个脑袋强 。
• 用人体部位“头”指代整体“人”。提喻
• 例5：He has an old head on young shoulders.他年轻而有见识 。
• Head 是人体部位，前面加了形容词old后，产生一种联想意义 ，即“有见识的”；shoulders也是人体部位，前面加了形容词 young 后，产生一种象征意义，即“年轻人”。该句没有用人 体部位指代整体，而是用人体部位指代其特点，故修辞手法 是转喻
• 2. eye
• 人的眼睛eye 在提喻中同样可以代表 人:
• (14)What the eye does not see ,the heart does not grieve over.
• 你没见到，你就不会伤心。 • （14）句中the eye 和the heart 都是泛
指人们。
• 5． 转喻（metonymy）与提喻 (synecdoche)的比较
本体
喻词
喻体
subject
Simile √
indicator of
reference
resemblance
像 似 犹如 仿佛
√
Metaphor √ 判断词或“成为”类肯定动词 √
Metonymy 乙代甲 不出现
√
Synecdoche 不出现
√
局部代整体；抽象代详细；原材料代成品 等……
作用
• 用比喻来对某某事物的特征进行描绘 和渲染
• Cotton suits you. • The kettle is boiling. (kettle壶 =the water in
the kettle)
• Two beers, please. (beers =two glasses of beer)
3. 以属代替种
• Spring vanishes with the rose.花谢春尽。 Flowers“玫瑰”属于“花”中的一种。
While a metaphor is a conceptual view which presents ideas as objects, a metonymy presents a salient connection between two concepts.
Metaphor substitutes and metonymy associates. The former can be taken to indicate condensation and the latter displacement.
• Metonymy 与synecdoche 的共同点是它们都可以用人体的各个 部位进行借代；它们的不同点在于：metonymy 是利用人体部 位指代其功能或特点，而synecdoche则是利用人体部位指代整 体。试比较：
• 例1：Her heart ruled her head.她的感情控制了理智。转喻
• It will cost you a pretty penny. 这恐怕会花费 你许多钱。
• Money.“便士”属于“钱”的一种。
4. 以种代替属
What a lovely creature! 多么美丽的女人啊！
A beautiful woman （用“生物”代替“女人”）
5. 以具体代抽象
E.g.: Jim looks like his brother Billy. My car runs as fast as the train.
Metaphor
It is like a simile which also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied
• He can’t ride a wheel. 他不会骑自行车。 （Bicycle： “轮子”只是自行车的一个部件
，在此用来指代“自行车”。）
2. The whole for the part
• Australia beat Canada at cricket. 澳大利亚 队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。
由于头是一人之首，所以人们常用head来代表首脑或 领导，如：a head of state,国家元首；the head of a delegation,代表团团长；a department head, 部 门主任；the head of a factory,厂长，等等。
（3）He is the head of the hospital . 他是这家医院的院长。
”指代其“贪婪的”本性。
6. 以抽象代具体
• All the wit and learning of the world were assembled there.
The wise and learned scholars 所有聪明博学的人都聚 集在那里。
• “聪颖”和“学问”都是抽象名词，在此指代“ 学者”。
Group One
1
Simile 明喻
2 Metaphor 隐喻 3 Metonymy 转喻
4 Synecdoche 提喻
Simile
It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. (Words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.)
rather than stated.
▪暗喻没有引导词，这是明喻和暗喻在形式上的 最大区别。换句话说，有为明喻，没有为暗喻。
▪如：He has a heart of stone. He has a heart like stone.
Metonymy:
Hale Waihona Puke It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another.
• 运用人体某些主要部位做提喻，既确切，又生动，使人一 看到做提喻的人体部位，就知道其特征，马上就和它所代 表的人物形象地联系起来，如：
• Every head came up .Quick hands grabbed all the Polish history books off the desks , and hid them away. The girls swiftly took sewing materials from their desks. They began to embroider little squares of cloth.
• It was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit.
• Patients poor people 他来探望的是病人和穷人 。
• “疾病”和“贫穷”都是抽象名词，在此分别用 来指代“病人”和“穷人”
• 二．人体部位在提喻中的运用
Group two
1
Irony 反语
2 Innuendo 暗讽
3 Sarcasm 讽刺
Irony (反语)
1.Definition: it is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.
急性的人；a level head,头脑清醒的人；a wooden head,笨蛋；a strong head,酒量大的人；count heads,点人数。
（1）This dinner cost $5 a head . 这顿饭每人花五英镑。
（2）Two heads are better than one. 三个臭皮匠抵个诸葛亮。
• Both function by taking advantage of similarities between two things, but metonymy makes this connection through a relationship that is already established between the two things.
提喻是指用部分代表整体，或用整体代表部 分的修辞方法。
1. the part for the whole
• The poor man has six mouths to feed in his family. (mouths=people) 这可怜的人要养六口人 。
• The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. （ hands =labors）在收获季 节里农场缺乏劳动力。
Metaphor and metonymy suppress and combine ideas respectively. The first is based on similarity while the second is based on contiguity.
比喻中，“喻体”一定要出现，否则比喻不能成 立，“本体”和“喻词”不一定出现。
借喻重点不是相似是联想
In metonymy, the term "White House" might be used to mean the president of the US or the administrative branch generally.
E.g.: The pen is mightier than the sword. 文章胜武力。
• 词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语 言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法 ，他们主要包括 ：
simile, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, allusion, transferred epithet, irony, innuendo, sarcasm, antithesis, contrast, parallelism,
Finally she married money. 她最终嫁给了有钱人。
Comparison
• Metonymy is often related with metaphor, since they can function in somewhat similar ways, though they serve very different purposes.
1. head
人体主要部位头head用于提喻可以代表各种各样的忍， 非常生动，例如：a hot head ,
• 以此引发读者联想和想象， • 并使语言文采斐然，富有很强的感染
力。 • 使语言生动形象，还可以使深刻的、
抽象的道理浅显、具体地表达出来。
Synecdoche(提喻)
Definition: It involves the substitution
of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part.
• He earned his bread as a teacher. 他以教 书为生。
• Living （“面包”指代抽象名词“生计” ）
• The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face.他的脸上带着凶残和贪婪的神色
• Fierceness greediness • 用“狼”指代其“凶残的”本性，用“猪
• 例2：Two heads are better than one.两个脑袋总比一个脑袋强 。
• 用人体部位“头”指代整体“人”。提喻
• 例5：He has an old head on young shoulders.他年轻而有见识 。
• Head 是人体部位，前面加了形容词old后，产生一种联想意义 ，即“有见识的”；shoulders也是人体部位，前面加了形容词 young 后，产生一种象征意义，即“年轻人”。该句没有用人 体部位指代整体，而是用人体部位指代其特点，故修辞手法 是转喻
• 2. eye
• 人的眼睛eye 在提喻中同样可以代表 人:
• (14)What the eye does not see ,the heart does not grieve over.
• 你没见到，你就不会伤心。 • （14）句中the eye 和the heart 都是泛
指人们。
• 5． 转喻（metonymy）与提喻 (synecdoche)的比较
本体
喻词
喻体
subject
Simile √
indicator of
reference
resemblance
像 似 犹如 仿佛
√
Metaphor √ 判断词或“成为”类肯定动词 √
Metonymy 乙代甲 不出现
√
Synecdoche 不出现
√
局部代整体；抽象代详细；原材料代成品 等……
作用
• 用比喻来对某某事物的特征进行描绘 和渲染
• Cotton suits you. • The kettle is boiling. (kettle壶 =the water in
the kettle)
• Two beers, please. (beers =two glasses of beer)
3. 以属代替种
• Spring vanishes with the rose.花谢春尽。 Flowers“玫瑰”属于“花”中的一种。
While a metaphor is a conceptual view which presents ideas as objects, a metonymy presents a salient connection between two concepts.
Metaphor substitutes and metonymy associates. The former can be taken to indicate condensation and the latter displacement.
• Metonymy 与synecdoche 的共同点是它们都可以用人体的各个 部位进行借代；它们的不同点在于：metonymy 是利用人体部 位指代其功能或特点，而synecdoche则是利用人体部位指代整 体。试比较：
• 例1：Her heart ruled her head.她的感情控制了理智。转喻
• It will cost you a pretty penny. 这恐怕会花费 你许多钱。
• Money.“便士”属于“钱”的一种。
4. 以种代替属
What a lovely creature! 多么美丽的女人啊！
A beautiful woman （用“生物”代替“女人”）
5. 以具体代抽象
E.g.: Jim looks like his brother Billy. My car runs as fast as the train.
Metaphor
It is like a simile which also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied
• He can’t ride a wheel. 他不会骑自行车。 （Bicycle： “轮子”只是自行车的一个部件
，在此用来指代“自行车”。）
2. The whole for the part
• Australia beat Canada at cricket. 澳大利亚 队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。
由于头是一人之首，所以人们常用head来代表首脑或 领导，如：a head of state,国家元首；the head of a delegation,代表团团长；a department head, 部 门主任；the head of a factory,厂长，等等。
（3）He is the head of the hospital . 他是这家医院的院长。
”指代其“贪婪的”本性。
6. 以抽象代具体
• All the wit and learning of the world were assembled there.
The wise and learned scholars 所有聪明博学的人都聚 集在那里。
• “聪颖”和“学问”都是抽象名词，在此指代“ 学者”。
Group One
1
Simile 明喻
2 Metaphor 隐喻 3 Metonymy 转喻
4 Synecdoche 提喻
Simile
It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. (Words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.)
rather than stated.
▪暗喻没有引导词，这是明喻和暗喻在形式上的 最大区别。换句话说，有为明喻，没有为暗喻。
▪如：He has a heart of stone. He has a heart like stone.
Metonymy:
Hale Waihona Puke It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another.
• 运用人体某些主要部位做提喻，既确切，又生动，使人一 看到做提喻的人体部位，就知道其特征，马上就和它所代 表的人物形象地联系起来，如：
• Every head came up .Quick hands grabbed all the Polish history books off the desks , and hid them away. The girls swiftly took sewing materials from their desks. They began to embroider little squares of cloth.
• It was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit.
• Patients poor people 他来探望的是病人和穷人 。
• “疾病”和“贫穷”都是抽象名词，在此分别用 来指代“病人”和“穷人”
• 二．人体部位在提喻中的运用
Group two
1
Irony 反语
2 Innuendo 暗讽
3 Sarcasm 讽刺
Irony (反语)
1.Definition: it is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.
急性的人；a level head,头脑清醒的人；a wooden head,笨蛋；a strong head,酒量大的人；count heads,点人数。
（1）This dinner cost $5 a head . 这顿饭每人花五英镑。
（2）Two heads are better than one. 三个臭皮匠抵个诸葛亮。
• Both function by taking advantage of similarities between two things, but metonymy makes this connection through a relationship that is already established between the two things.
提喻是指用部分代表整体，或用整体代表部 分的修辞方法。
1. the part for the whole
• The poor man has six mouths to feed in his family. (mouths=people) 这可怜的人要养六口人 。
• The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. （ hands =labors）在收获季 节里农场缺乏劳动力。
Metaphor and metonymy suppress and combine ideas respectively. The first is based on similarity while the second is based on contiguity.
比喻中，“喻体”一定要出现，否则比喻不能成 立，“本体”和“喻词”不一定出现。
借喻重点不是相似是联想
In metonymy, the term "White House" might be used to mean the president of the US or the administrative branch generally.
E.g.: The pen is mightier than the sword. 文章胜武力。
• 词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语 言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法 ，他们主要包括 ：
simile, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, allusion, transferred epithet, irony, innuendo, sarcasm, antithesis, contrast, parallelism,
Finally she married money. 她最终嫁给了有钱人。
Comparison
• Metonymy is often related with metaphor, since they can function in somewhat similar ways, though they serve very different purposes.