神经系统总论
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Branches分支：
Cutaneous branches皮支
--分布到颈前部皮肤，
Muscular brnches肌支--支
配颈部深层的肌肉。
Branches
Cutaneous branches:
Lesser occipital 枕小神经 Great auricular 耳大神经 Transverse nerve of neck 颈横 神经 Supraclavicular nerves 锁骨上 神经
segmental.
T2 Sternal angle T4 Nipple 乳头 T6 Xiphoid process T8 Costal arch T10 Umbilicus 脐 T12 Midpoint between
umbilicus and symphysis pubis
四、lumbar plexus腰 丛
Runs downward and laterally between psoas major and iliacus, passes deep to inguinal ligament;
disribution
muscular branches--supplies anterior thigh muscles (quadriceps股四头 肌, sartorius 缝匠肌and pectineus耻骨肌),
Formation:
anterior rami of L1-L3, a part of anterior rami of T12 and L4
position ：lies behind the
psoas major and beside the lumbar vertera 腰椎两侧，腰大肌的
深面，
The fiber components of spinal cors
脊神经的纤维成分
There are four types of fibers contained in the spinal n.
Somatic afferent (sensory) nerve fibers 躯体感觉纤维:
由脊神经节中的假单极神经元的中枢突形成，周围突分布于皮肤、骨 骼肌、肌腱和关节。
Muscular branches:
supply the deep muscles of neck
Phrenic nerve 膈神经
arises from the of C3-C5, innervation to diaphragm;
Phrenic nerve 膈神经
Sensory fibers supply to pleurae, pericardium and peritoneum of diaphragm; usually right phrenic nerve may be distributed on live, gallbladder and biliary system.
Anterior branche of thoracic nerve
胸神经前支
胸神经前支 共12对，
Intercostal nerves 肋间神经（T1-T11），
行于相应的肋间隙中；
Subcostal nerve（T2） 肋下神经 ，第12肋下方。
Distribution: intercostales 肋间肌 anterolateral abdominalemoral 股神经 Obturator 闭孔神经 Cutaneous 股外侧皮神经 Genitofemoral 生殖股神经 Iliohypogastric 髂腹下神经 Ilioinguinal 髂腹股沟神经 Lateral femoral
Femoral n. 股神经
route：
They emerge around middle of posterior border of sternocleidomastoid, to supply skin of neck and scalp between auricle and external occipital protuberance
Somatic nerve Somatic sensory n.躯体感觉神经
躯体神经
Somatic motor n.躯体运动神经
Visceral sensory n.
内脏感觉神经
Visceral n. 内脏神经
Visceral motor n.
Sympathetic part 交感神经
内脏运动神经
Parasympathetic part
skin of thoracic and abdominal wall, parietal pleura and peritoneum
Anterior branches of thoracic nerves
The distribution of the anterior branches of the thoracic n. is
Visceral afferent (sensory) nerve fibers 内脏感觉纤维:
也由脊神经节中的假单极神经元的中枢突形成, 周围突分布于内脏、 心血管和腺体。
Somatic efferent (motor) nerve fibers 躯体运动纤维：
发自脊髓前角，分布于骨骼肌。
Visceral efferent (motor) nerve fibers 内脏运动纤维：
Reflex: a reaction of the organism by the
nervous system in response to a stimulus
Reflex arc: consist of 5 basic components
receptor 感受器
afferent neuron 传入神经
The anterior root 前根－contains motor
fibers for skeletal muscles.
The posterior root
后根－contains sensory fibers whose cell bodies are in the spinal ganglion 脊神经节.
Nerve fiber神经纤维: 神经元较长的突起被髓鞘和神经膜包绕,
称为神经纤维.
myelinated nerve fiber 有髓纤维 unmyelinated nerve fiber 无髓纤维
Nerve 神经：神经纤维在周围聚集在一起称为神经。
II、reflex 反射 与 reflex arc 反射弧
Bipolar neuron
双极神经元
Pseudounipolar neuron
假单极神经元
Multipolar neuron
多极神经元
central branch
中枢支
peripheral branch
周围支
Ⅱ) Functional classification 依功能分类
Afferent (sensory) neuron 传入（感觉）神经元 Efferent (motor) neuron 传出（运动）神经元 Association neuron (interneuron) 联络（中间）神经元
Spinal nerves 脊神经
Spinal ganglia脊神经节 is an enlargement of the posterior root near the intervertebral foramen which consist of the bodies of pseudounipolar neurons 假单极神经元。
副交感神经
二、神 经 系 统 组 成
cell body 胞体
I. Essential strunctures of nervous system
Neurons Dendrites 树突
神经元
Axon 轴突
Nuroglia: glial cell神经胶质细胞
神经胶质
Ⅰ) Structural classification
Divisions of spinal nerves 脊神经的分部
31对脊神经分为5 部分
:
cervical nerves 颈神经 8对 thoracic nerves 胸神经: 12对 lumbar nerves 腰神经: 5对 sacral nerves 骶神经 :5对 coccygeal nerve 尾神经: 1对
分布于心肌、平滑肌和 腺体。
branches of spinal nerves 脊神经的分支
Each spinal n. is divided into 4 branches after leaving the intervertebral foramen immediately
anterior branche
cervical plexus 颈丛、 branchial plexus 臂丛 lumbar plexus 腰丛 sacral plexus 骶丛。
二、cervical plexus
颈丛
Formation 构成：
it consists of the anterior rami of C1-C4 nerves.
Femoral n. 股神经
sensory branches--hip and knee joint, and skin on anteromedial side of thigh, saphenous nerve 隐神经 is distributed to skin of medial side of leg and foot
前支
posterior branche
后支
meningeal branch
脊膜支
communicating branc
交通支: 连于交感干。
posterior branche 脊神经后支：
为混合性，较细小， 分布于 项、背、 腰、骶部深层肌肉及皮肤。
anterior branche 脊神经前支：
粗大，为混合性，除胸部外，前 支先交织成丛，然后再分支分布于躯 干前外侧 和四肢， 脊神经前支形 成的丛有：
Nervous system
神经系统
一、Divisions of nervous system
Ⅰ) Central nervous system (CNS)
中枢神经系
CNS
Telencephalon 端脑
Brain 脑
Diencephalon 间脑
Cerebellum 小脑
Midbrain 中脑
Brain stem 脑干
Pons 脑桥
Spinal cord 脊髓
Medulla oblongata 延髓
Ⅱ) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) 周围神经系统
PNS
按与中枢的连接部位 Cranial n.脑神经 (12 pairs) Spinal n.脊神经 (31 pairs)
按分布 的 对象
centre中枢
effector 效应器
efferent neuron 传出神经
Spinal nerves 脊神经
Formation:
each spinal nerve is formed by union of anterior and posterior roots at intervertebral foramen
Medial cord 内侧束、 Lateral cord 外侧束 Posterior cord 后束
二、 brachial plexus臂丛
Branches 分支
Median nerve 正中神经 Musculocutaineous nerve
肌皮神经 Ulnar nerve 尺神经 Axillary nerve 腋神经 Radial nerve 桡神经
二、 brachial plexus臂丛
Formation ： Formed by anterior rami of C5C8 and T1 nerves
Position ：
Passes through the scalene fissure (斜角肌间隙) to posterosuperior of subclavian artery, then enters the axilla to form three cords(束) which around the axillary atery.
Cutaneous branches皮支
--分布到颈前部皮肤，
Muscular brnches肌支--支
配颈部深层的肌肉。
Branches
Cutaneous branches:
Lesser occipital 枕小神经 Great auricular 耳大神经 Transverse nerve of neck 颈横 神经 Supraclavicular nerves 锁骨上 神经
segmental.
T2 Sternal angle T4 Nipple 乳头 T6 Xiphoid process T8 Costal arch T10 Umbilicus 脐 T12 Midpoint between
umbilicus and symphysis pubis
四、lumbar plexus腰 丛
Runs downward and laterally between psoas major and iliacus, passes deep to inguinal ligament;
disribution
muscular branches--supplies anterior thigh muscles (quadriceps股四头 肌, sartorius 缝匠肌and pectineus耻骨肌),
Formation:
anterior rami of L1-L3, a part of anterior rami of T12 and L4
position ：lies behind the
psoas major and beside the lumbar vertera 腰椎两侧，腰大肌的
深面，
The fiber components of spinal cors
脊神经的纤维成分
There are four types of fibers contained in the spinal n.
Somatic afferent (sensory) nerve fibers 躯体感觉纤维:
由脊神经节中的假单极神经元的中枢突形成，周围突分布于皮肤、骨 骼肌、肌腱和关节。
Muscular branches:
supply the deep muscles of neck
Phrenic nerve 膈神经
arises from the of C3-C5, innervation to diaphragm;
Phrenic nerve 膈神经
Sensory fibers supply to pleurae, pericardium and peritoneum of diaphragm; usually right phrenic nerve may be distributed on live, gallbladder and biliary system.
Anterior branche of thoracic nerve
胸神经前支
胸神经前支 共12对，
Intercostal nerves 肋间神经（T1-T11），
行于相应的肋间隙中；
Subcostal nerve（T2） 肋下神经 ，第12肋下方。
Distribution: intercostales 肋间肌 anterolateral abdominalemoral 股神经 Obturator 闭孔神经 Cutaneous 股外侧皮神经 Genitofemoral 生殖股神经 Iliohypogastric 髂腹下神经 Ilioinguinal 髂腹股沟神经 Lateral femoral
Femoral n. 股神经
route：
They emerge around middle of posterior border of sternocleidomastoid, to supply skin of neck and scalp between auricle and external occipital protuberance
Somatic nerve Somatic sensory n.躯体感觉神经
躯体神经
Somatic motor n.躯体运动神经
Visceral sensory n.
内脏感觉神经
Visceral n. 内脏神经
Visceral motor n.
Sympathetic part 交感神经
内脏运动神经
Parasympathetic part
skin of thoracic and abdominal wall, parietal pleura and peritoneum
Anterior branches of thoracic nerves
The distribution of the anterior branches of the thoracic n. is
Visceral afferent (sensory) nerve fibers 内脏感觉纤维:
也由脊神经节中的假单极神经元的中枢突形成, 周围突分布于内脏、 心血管和腺体。
Somatic efferent (motor) nerve fibers 躯体运动纤维：
发自脊髓前角，分布于骨骼肌。
Visceral efferent (motor) nerve fibers 内脏运动纤维：
Reflex: a reaction of the organism by the
nervous system in response to a stimulus
Reflex arc: consist of 5 basic components
receptor 感受器
afferent neuron 传入神经
The anterior root 前根－contains motor
fibers for skeletal muscles.
The posterior root
后根－contains sensory fibers whose cell bodies are in the spinal ganglion 脊神经节.
Nerve fiber神经纤维: 神经元较长的突起被髓鞘和神经膜包绕,
称为神经纤维.
myelinated nerve fiber 有髓纤维 unmyelinated nerve fiber 无髓纤维
Nerve 神经：神经纤维在周围聚集在一起称为神经。
II、reflex 反射 与 reflex arc 反射弧
Bipolar neuron
双极神经元
Pseudounipolar neuron
假单极神经元
Multipolar neuron
多极神经元
central branch
中枢支
peripheral branch
周围支
Ⅱ) Functional classification 依功能分类
Afferent (sensory) neuron 传入（感觉）神经元 Efferent (motor) neuron 传出（运动）神经元 Association neuron (interneuron) 联络（中间）神经元
Spinal nerves 脊神经
Spinal ganglia脊神经节 is an enlargement of the posterior root near the intervertebral foramen which consist of the bodies of pseudounipolar neurons 假单极神经元。
副交感神经
二、神 经 系 统 组 成
cell body 胞体
I. Essential strunctures of nervous system
Neurons Dendrites 树突
神经元
Axon 轴突
Nuroglia: glial cell神经胶质细胞
神经胶质
Ⅰ) Structural classification
Divisions of spinal nerves 脊神经的分部
31对脊神经分为5 部分
:
cervical nerves 颈神经 8对 thoracic nerves 胸神经: 12对 lumbar nerves 腰神经: 5对 sacral nerves 骶神经 :5对 coccygeal nerve 尾神经: 1对
分布于心肌、平滑肌和 腺体。
branches of spinal nerves 脊神经的分支
Each spinal n. is divided into 4 branches after leaving the intervertebral foramen immediately
anterior branche
cervical plexus 颈丛、 branchial plexus 臂丛 lumbar plexus 腰丛 sacral plexus 骶丛。
二、cervical plexus
颈丛
Formation 构成：
it consists of the anterior rami of C1-C4 nerves.
Femoral n. 股神经
sensory branches--hip and knee joint, and skin on anteromedial side of thigh, saphenous nerve 隐神经 is distributed to skin of medial side of leg and foot
前支
posterior branche
后支
meningeal branch
脊膜支
communicating branc
交通支: 连于交感干。
posterior branche 脊神经后支：
为混合性，较细小， 分布于 项、背、 腰、骶部深层肌肉及皮肤。
anterior branche 脊神经前支：
粗大，为混合性，除胸部外，前 支先交织成丛，然后再分支分布于躯 干前外侧 和四肢， 脊神经前支形 成的丛有：
Nervous system
神经系统
一、Divisions of nervous system
Ⅰ) Central nervous system (CNS)
中枢神经系
CNS
Telencephalon 端脑
Brain 脑
Diencephalon 间脑
Cerebellum 小脑
Midbrain 中脑
Brain stem 脑干
Pons 脑桥
Spinal cord 脊髓
Medulla oblongata 延髓
Ⅱ) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) 周围神经系统
PNS
按与中枢的连接部位 Cranial n.脑神经 (12 pairs) Spinal n.脊神经 (31 pairs)
按分布 的 对象
centre中枢
effector 效应器
efferent neuron 传出神经
Spinal nerves 脊神经
Formation:
each spinal nerve is formed by union of anterior and posterior roots at intervertebral foramen
Medial cord 内侧束、 Lateral cord 外侧束 Posterior cord 后束
二、 brachial plexus臂丛
Branches 分支
Median nerve 正中神经 Musculocutaineous nerve
肌皮神经 Ulnar nerve 尺神经 Axillary nerve 腋神经 Radial nerve 桡神经
二、 brachial plexus臂丛
Formation ： Formed by anterior rami of C5C8 and T1 nerves
Position ：
Passes through the scalene fissure (斜角肌间隙) to posterosuperior of subclavian artery, then enters the axilla to form three cords(束) which around the axillary atery.