英语高级听力5_文本

英语高级听力5_文本
Unit 1 New concepts of Health
Part II Preventative medicine预防医学
A Outline
I. Factors affecting our health
A. self-destructive things
1. drinking too much alcohol
2. smoking heavily
3. having diets heavy in saturated fats
4. not enough exercise
B. environmental factors
1. air pollution
2. water pollution
3. too much sunlight
II. Ways to improve our fitness
A. healthy lifestyle choices: making it fun to keep fit
B. reducing sports injuries
1. two kinds of sports injuries
a. accidental injuries
b. repetitive strain injuries
2. ways to reduce them
a. warming up adequately
b. borrowing training techniques from other sports
B
1. Which group in the survey is at higher risk of early death?
Young men. especially working class young men.
2. According to the Surgeon-General of the US, how much of our illness could be avoided?
53%.
3. What's the purpose of doing stretching exercise?
To increase the flexibility.
4. ls it tree that warm-up exercises are only needed on cool days?
on hot days. No. they are needed both on cool days and
5. What cross training techniques do different sportsmen use? Complete the following chart.
Sportsmen Cross training techniques Purpose
Boxers Doing road work and weight training Building up stamina
Table tennis players Running and jogging Improving performance
footballers Doing flexibility exercises Helping control the ball better
Tapescript:
Good morning. I'm Dr. Pat Parker, and I'm here to talk to you about preventative medicine in
its widest and most personal aspects. In other words, I'm here to
tell you how the patient should
wrest control of their health away from the practitioners of medicine and take charge of their
own medical destiny. I want to talk about staying out of the hands
of the doctor.
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When the patient takes responsibility for her or his own health--and let's decide the patient is male for now -- men are in fact more at risk than women anyway--when the patient takes over his
own health regime, he must decide what he wants to do. Our
department has recently completed a survey of men's health. We looked at men in different age groups and occupations, and we came up with a disturbing insight. Young men, particularly working class men, are at considerable risk of premature death because of their lifestyle. As a group, they have high risk factors: they drink too much alcohol, they smoke more heavily than any other group, their diet is frequently heavy in saturated fats, and they don't get enough exercise.
We then did a smaller survey in which we looked at environmental factors which affect health. I had privately expected to find air or water pollution to be the biggest hazards, and they must not be ignored. However, the effects of the sun emerged as a threat
which people simply do not take sufficiently seriously. Please remember that too much sunlight can cause permanent damage.
Given this information, and the self-destructive things which people, particularly young men
are doing to themselves, one could be excused for feeling very depressed. However, I'm an optimist,
l see things improving, but only if we work very hard. In the second part of the talk I want to consider different things that you as
students can do to improve your fitness.
In the late 80's the Surgeon-General of the United States said that
53 percent of our illnesses could be avoided by healthy lifestyle choices. I now want to discuss these choices with you.
You should try to make keeping fit fun! It's very hard to go out and do exercises by yourself, so it's wise to find a sport that you like and play it with other people, lf you swim, you can consider scuba diving or snorkeling. If you jog, try to find a friend to go with. If you walk, choose pretty places to walk or have a reason for walking. Your exercise regime should be a pleasure, not a penance.
The university is an excellent place to find other people who share sporting interests with you, and there are many sports teams you can join. This, unfortunately, raises the issue of sports injuries, and different sports have characteristic injuries. As well as accidental injuries, we find repetitive
strain injuries occurring in sports where the same motion is frequently performed, like rowing and
squash. The parallel in working life is repetitive strain injury
which may be suffered by typists or other people who perform the same action hour after hour, day after day.
In this context, therefore, the most important thing to remember before any sport is to warm up adequately. Do stretching exercises, and aim at all times to increase your flexibility. Be gentle with yourself, and allow time to prepare for the game you have chosen to play. Don't be fooled by the term "warm up", by the way. It's every bit as important to do your warm-up exercises on a hot day as on a cool one.
I think one of the most sensible and exciting developments in the reduction of injury is the
recognition that all sports can borrow from each other. Many sports programs are now encouraging players to use cross training techniques, that is, to borrow training techniques from other sports.
Boxers have been using cross training for years: building up stamina by doing road work and
weight training, while honing their skills and reflexes. Other
sports which require a high level of eye-hand coordination are following this trend, so you see table tennis players running and jogging to improve their performance, and footballers doing flexibility exercises which can help them control the ball better. All of these results are good, but the general sense of well-being is best, and is accessible to us all, from trained athletes to people who will never run a 100 meters in less than 15 seconds, Good health is not only for those who will achieve athletic greatness!(764)
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Part III Subhealth
A People most likely to be subhealthy
1. middle aged people
2. elderly people
3. people in management position
4. students at exam time
Subhealth symptoms
1. lack of energy
2. depression
3. slow reactions
4. insomnia
5. agitation
6. poor memory
7. shortness of breath
8. sweating
9. aching in waist and legs
10. cardiovascular diseases
The key to preventing and recovering from subhealth
1. forming good living habits
2. alternating work with rest
3. exercising regularly
4. taking part in open air activities
5. having a balanced diet
B
1. Synonyms of subhealth: a. third state b. gray state
2. Definition of subhealth: a borderline state between health and disease
3. Clinical names of subhealth: fatigue syndrome, endocrinopathy, neurasthenia, climacteric
syndrome
4. Food rich in nutritional elements: fresh vegetables, fruits, fish and aquatic products
Feeling stressed out lately? Has the doctor said he cannot find anything wrong with you? Perhaps he sent you to a hospital, but all the fancy equipment there show that there is nothing wrong. Then consider this, you might be in a state of subhealth. Subhealth, also called the third state
or gray state, is defined as a borderline state between health and disease. According to an investigation by the National Health Organization, over 45 percent of subhealthy people are middle aged or elderly. The percentage is even higher among people who work in management positions as well as students around exam-time, due to their heightened exposure to stress. Subhealth comes
under several clinical names, including fatigue syndrome, endocrinopathy, neurasthenia, and
climacteric syndrome. Symptoms include a lack of energy, depression, slow reactions, insomnia,
agitation, and poor memory. Other symptoms include shortness of breath, sweating and aching in the waist and legs. In addition, cardiovascular diseases such as palpitations and arrhythmia may appear. The key to preventing and recovering from subhealth, according to some medical experts is
to form good living habits, alternate work with rest, exercise regularly, and take part in open air
activities. As for meals, people are advised to eat less salt and sugar. They should also eat more
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fresh vegetables, fruits, fish and aquatic products because they are rich in nutritional
elements--vitamins and trace elements--that are indispensable to the body. Nutrition experts point
out that it is not good to eat too much at one meal because it may cause unhealthy changes in the
digestive tract. They also say that a balanced diet is very helpful in avoiding subhealth.
Part IV
Summary
In more than 850 US hospitals, there is a system using infrared signals to track/locate a nurse when his/her service is needed. However, people have very different opinions about the use of such a system. Some people think, with this new technology, nurses can utilize their time in a better way, better patient care can be provided and nurses' overall performance can be measured, while some people think the devices will be used to listen in on conversations and scrutinize their movements. Some nurses even staged a protest against the system which seems to have a taste of Big Brotherism.
Tapescript
R: When a patient calls for help at Seton Medical Center, "Hi, Mr. Rogers, can I help you?" (says a
nurse), it's never a problem finding a nurse. "Do you want him to come in? OK, OK thanks."
[It's] because they all wear locator badges, part of a wireless system which tracks their
movements on the floor.
H: You can even tell when they are walking down the hallway?
S: Yes, you can. Yeah, you can. Nancy Martinis?
R: This system made by Hill-Rom uses infrared signals to detect when nurses enter a room to
answer a call. Staff can tall and listen through a wall unit to nurses or even to patients in other
rooms.
S: The time we were spending hunting staff down trying to find them and locate them we can put
that to much better use.
R: Hill-Rom says it has systems installed in more than 850 U.S. hospitals. Some nurses worry that
the devices will be used to listen in on conversations and
scrutinize their movements. B: I'm not wearing mine. I will still meet my patients' needs but I will not wear this badge. R: Annette Bearden is among dozens of nurses at Eden Medical Center who staged an active protest
two months ago saying the system smacks of Big Brotherism. They hid their badges though they
were later recovered.
B: You know it makes me not feel like a professional. It makes me like someone has to watch me to
make sure that ! am doing my job.
M: The biggest reason we installed this technology is because our old call system was about 25
years old.
R: For hospitals this is a case of technology allowing, perhaps forcing people to better utilize their
time. Officials at Eden don't deny they monitor how long it takes nurses to respond to calls but
say their main concern is patient care.
M: I think it's one tool that we can use in measuring performance, overall performance but by itself
it is not a valid disciplinary tool.
R: Eden is expanding its system with hopes the nurses will eventually accept the new technology,
but back at Seton where it's been in place for about two years, there are no qualms. S: Once the staff actually find out how advantageous it can be for them and the patients, well,
actually it became very popular.
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R: Here Big Brother may be watching, but they say he is also helping out.
Part V
I: Well, our guest today is Dr. Elizabeth Alan who has just brought out a book called Biorhythms. Just to explain what biorhythms are to anyone not completely sure, they are not extraterrestrial, they are natural rhythms, the, um, biological rhythms of the body. And in Dr. Alan's book, there are suggestions about how to plan our daily
activities around our biorhythms, isn't that it, Dr. Alan?
A: Yes, it's a book where I've tried to include all the general things that are so far known.., um ... scientifically proven that is, about our biorhythms, and I've written it in a form of general practical advice in non-technical language.
I: I, uh, must say the bit of advice I liked best, is about going to the dentist, you know the one about being better to go between four and five o'clock in the afternoon because the pain killing injections will last three times longer.
A: Yes, that's very good advice. In the morning, if you go to the dentist in the morning, the injection or the effect of the injection would last about twenty minutes. But between four and five in the afternoon, it lasts an hour.
I: Uh, uh, is that for any particular reason? I ... I ... I suppose it is.
A: Oh yes. There are some biological reasons for all these things, but I prefer not to go into them now because to describe them would complicate things very much.
I: Ah! Uh, well, are ... are ... are there any other ... um ... surprising results of these studies? A: Well, uh ... I don't know about surprising, but for example, there are quite a few things about pain which are quite useful to know.
I: About pain? You mean things hurt more at some times of the day?
A: Yes. Between one and two in the morning, is the time when the body is most sensitive to pain. I: Ah!
A: As you know, if you've ever been kept awake with a headache or toothache, but at six in the evening, between six and seven, the sensitivity to pain is at its lowest.
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I: And ... uh ... and what about work, um, what's the best time to work?
A: Well, the best time for that is in the morning, between ten and twelve. And that's good for heavy work because that is when the head,
the brain and the body reach their best level of performance together.
But there's a curious thing here, something people probably wouldn't expect. And that is, that the best time to read, to study something difficult, seems to be between nine and ten at night, which is when the long term memory works best.
I: Uh-huh. Now ... mn ... is it right that the ... uh ... the worst time to work is at night? I mean ... um ... yeah, after midnight?
A: Well, it's known in factories that there are more mistakes at night. And it seems that this is connected in some way with low blood pressure. The time when most mistakes are made by night workers is between three and four in the morning, which is when blood pressure is
at its lowest. I: Ah. Are there ... uh ... any other times of day when blood pressure is low?
A: Yes, it comes down after one o'clock in the afternoon and between two and three it's very low again.
I: So the best thing is not to do anything important between them.
A: Yes. And the other thing is that midday tiredness is at its worst between two and three. I: The best thing is to do important work in
the ... uh ... in the mornings then. A: Well, yes. But there is another time of day when the body and the mind reach another high point together.
I: Like the ... like the one in the morning?
A: Yes. And that's between five and six in the afternoon.
I: Ah, so it goes in cycles, does it? We have two high points a day.
A: Yes, that's it.
I: Ah ... uh ... just two other questions I'd like to ask, Dr. Alan. What about sports? A: Sports, well, that's another curious one.
I: Uh-huh.
A: In fact, the time of day when training works best is between
seven and eight in the evening. The body uses up less energy then, so
you get fit with less effort than at other times. I: Ah. And ... uh ... and sleep, what about sleep?
A: Ah. There's one very ... uh ... well no, there are two very interesting things about sleep. One is, that if you're a restless sleeper, the sort of person who moves about a lot in his sleep ... I:
The sort ... uh ... who kicks offthe blankets and sheets, aym. Ha,
that's me alright. A: Well you be careful between four and five in the morning because that's when the skin is most sensitive to cold.
I: Ah, so I suppose I should set the alarm for five, well like four
o'clock and make sure I've got the blankets on. But then I'm sure I wouldn't get back to sleep again.
A: And the second thing about sleeping is that after a tiring, hard-working day, it really is better to get to bed and sleep before midnight.
I: Oh, well, it would be, wouldn't it? Well, that's about the only
time of day I can relax a bit with a book or the ... uh ... the TV ... uh.
A: Well, that's the price you have to pay for working on the radio in the evening. I: Well, Dr. Alan, it's now exactly five fifty-five and according to what you said, I've just passed through my afternoon high point. And I'm ... I'm ... just about to enter the ... uh ... the hour when things hurt less.
A: Not just you, you know, it's me as well.
I: Well, thank you very much, Dr. Alan, for coming along to the program and ... uh ... all the best
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with your book.
A: Thank you so much.
Unit 2 New Developments in medicine
Part II
A Comparison Between Western and Holistic Medicine
Western medicine
1. treating patients as a series of isolated parts
Holistic medicine
taking into account the symptoms, age, habits, emotions and
lifestyle
Western medicine
2. looking at the part which isn't working well
Holistic medicine
building an overall picture
Western medicine
3. trying to remove symptoms, not the cause
Holistic medicine
treating the cause of illness
Western medicine
4. using drag and surgery
Holistic medicine
preventing illness -- balanced diet & healthy lifestyle
1.(T)
2.(F)
3.(T)
4.(T)
5.(F)
6.(F)
P: Good morning, and welcome to our program Worldly Wise. Today our attention turns to medicine and health care, and we examine a move which is becoming more and more popular, a move away from western attitudes to medicine towards what is known as the holistic approach.
But what is it? What does holistic mean? I spoke to Dr. Henry Wilson, of the National Homeopathic Center.
a system of medicine in which a disease is treated by giving
extremely small amounts of a substance that causes the disease W: Well, holistic means "whole", or more than that. But in terms of health care, what it means is looking at the whole body, the whole person when it comes to treating them. P: And how does that differ from a more western approach?
W: Modem medicine treats patients as a series of parts that are all isolated. It looks at the part which isn't working and tries to remove the symptoms until everything's working well again a bit like a mechanic repairing a car. The opposite of holistic is symptomatic. Too often, modem medicine
treats the symptoms and not the cause of an illness. Drugs and
surgery can remove the symptoms ...
P: But what's wrong with that? Surely that's what a person who's ill wants, isn't it to feel better, not to have the pain any more?
W: Yes, but as I said, the cause remains. If you have a backache, painkillers will take away the pain, but there's still something wrong somewhere that caused the backache in the first place. P: So what does the holistic approach think about illness?
W: Well, it takes into account not only the symptoms, but also the age, habits, emotions and lifestyle of the individual, and tries to
build an overall picture. You see, being healthy means there
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is a balance, or a harmony, between your mind and your body. When
you're ill, it's because there's an imbalance somewhere, and this imbalance is shown by symptoms. The symptoms themselves aren't very important. For example, two people suffering from headaches might be given very different treatment, because the cause 6fthe headache is not the same.
P: You mentioned treatment. If holistic medicine doesn't prescribe drugs, how does it treat illness? W: It's important to understand that what holistic medicine tries to do above all is prevent illness, and we all know that prevention is better than cure. A good diet, with lots of fresh food, not processed food with its preservatives and chemicals is essential; and a healthy lifestyle, without too much pressure and worry,
and lots of exercise and rest, not too much, not too little -- these are things that will prevent illness.
Part III T-20
Experiment Report
Project: development of anti-AIDS medicine – T-20
Researchers: Dr. Michael Saag and others at the University of Alabama
Subjects: 16 men infected with HIV
Procedure:
A. Subjects were divided into four groups.
B. Two groups were given the lowest amount of T-20.
C. The third group was given more of T-20.
D. The fourth group was given the highest amount of T-20.
Observations:
A. The first two groups showed almost no reaction.
B. The amount of HIV in the blood of the third group fell by ten times.
C. The amount of HIV of the fourth group could not be measured in
two weeks.
Findings:
A. T-20 attacks HIV before it has a chance to infect other cells.
B. T-20 has no major bad effects.
B
1. In about 18 months.
2. A virus that causes AIDS.
3. Proteids inhibitors.
4. It’s difficult to take because it is not a pill.
A promising new drug is being developed by American doctors that attacks the AIDS virus very soon after a person is infected. The drug is known as T-20. It is being tested in humans. Scientists say if
everything goes well, the experimental medicine may be ready to be sold in about
18 months. The new drug is unlike other anti-AIDS medications, It attacks HIV before it has had a chance to infect other cells. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. Dr. Michael Saag led the study at
the University of Alabama in Birmingham. He says the findings offer the first proof that it is possible to fight HIV very soon after infection. In the study, T-20 was given by injection to 16 men infected with HIV. The men were divided into four groups. The two groups that were given the lowest amount of the drug showed almost no reaction to it. The third group of men was given more of the drug. Dr. Saag says the amount of HIV in the blood fell by ten times in that group.
The fourth group was given the highest amount of T-20. In that group, the amount of HIV fell so low within
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two weeks of treatment it could not be measured. Dr. Saag say she is excited about T-20. He says it offers another treatment choice for patients in whom older drugs no longer work. Many new drugs have been used to treat the AIDS virus. Experts say drugs currently used can suppress the AIDS
virus to very low levels in infected people. These drugs include proteids inhibitors. They help the
immune system remain reasonably strong enough to fight other infections. Without proteids the HIV virus is unable to leave the cells where' it reproduces. So it cannot enter a person's blood and infect other cells. Researchers say T-20 also may offer a second chance to patients who are unable to deal with the bad effects of proteids inhibitors and other anti-AIDS drugs. Experts say there were no major bad effects of T-20 in their study. Researchers say T-20 appears to be at least as effective as existing anti-AIDS treatments. However, some say they are concerned that the drug is difficult
to take because it is not a pill that can be swallowed. Researchers
are doing more studies tosee if T-20 in a pill form would be as
effective.
Part IV
Summary
Russell Rollins is suffering from autism, a brain development disorder. The father thinks that
the measles, mumps and rubella vaccines his son had at 15 months are connected to the disease
because his physical reactions to those vaccines like high-pitched screams, crying and listlessness
continue ten years later. However, according to a recent study in Denmark, no links between
measles vaccinations and autism have been found. Some researchers believe there could be a connection between genetics and the environment as far as autism is concerned.
Tape script
Picture perfect, a happy healthy baby. Then at fifteen months, just
like every other baby, Russell Rollins got his measles, mumps and
rubella vaccination.
Rick Rollins: He had a very physical reaction to those vaccines including a high pitched scream and days of high-pitched crying and listlessness. (baby crying...) Hey, you're OK?
Ten years later those problems continue. Russell Rollins is autistic.
Rusty Dornin: How do you describe what you go through as the parent
of an autistic child?
Rick Rollins: It's a living hell. It's a living hell for everyone involved. It's a living hell for my son, who suffers terribly from this disorder.
Teacher: Touch the pizza!
And it's a straggle that most autistic kids go through in the classroom. Here at the ABC School for Autistic Children, classes are full.
Rusty Dornin: Are you seeing bigger numbers? More kids knocking at
the door to get in places like this?
School director: Yes, both in our school and in our in-home services, even in comparison to
last year, we probably have fifteen more kids than we had the year previous.
And parents are asking questions. No one knows what causes the brain development disorder. But Rick Rollins, who's become an activist for autism, thinks the vaccine is connected.
Rick Rollins: Thirty-three percent of new families with children
with autism believe that the vaccine's played a role in the development of their child's autism.
But a recent well-respected Danish study found no links between vaccinations and autism.
Epidemiologist and pediatrician Robert Byrd doesn't believe the measles vaccine is a problem.
But he says concern about what's in some vaccinations is justified.
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Byrd applauds the removal last year of a small amount of mercury used as a preservative in some vaccines.
Robert Byrd: To have anything that's potentially harmful packaged with something that's supposed to be entirely good is a bad package.
Byrd authored a recent study that ruled out better testing and population increases as possible
causes for California's dramatic increase. He believes what's happening here is probably happening nationwide. California has the only system for registering autistic children.
There is no biological test for autism. Some researchers believe there could be a connection between genetics and the environment. Rick Rollins says he knows vaccines are only one possibility.
Rusty Domin: Do you believe there could be other factors?
Rick Rollins: Absolutely! You know, I don't think anyone in any area of research in autism believes there is one single cause. We worry day and night about his future. Who is going to take care of him when we are gone? Give me a kiss! (sound of kissing...) Good job!
Part V Towards independent listening
Product: chemical jelly
Producer: a medical technology company in Sweden
Function: removing decaying tissue from teeth
Advantages:
A. a lot less drillings needed
B. better for the teeth
C. less painful for the patients
Price: 10 to 20 pounds more than that in the past
The time when available:
A. in Sweden: now
B. in Europe: next year
C. somewhere else: waiting a little bit longer
R: A dentist's drill for many of us is the stuff of nightmares. But today there is news of a development which may spell the end of the。