《语言学教程》第 4 章 句法学

A quarter of a century after the introduction of television into American society, a period that has seen the medium become so deeply ingrained in American life that in at least one state the television set has attained the rank of a legal necessity, safe from repossession in case of debt along with clothes, cooking utensils, and the like, television has become an inevitable and ordinary part of daily life.


4.1 小结

How can I know what I think till I see what I say?
本章各节
4.1 句法关系
语法结构的形成过程
4.2
4.2
语法结构
成分
语法结构形成之后的结果
语法结构内的组成部分
4.3 4.4


英汉语句内的语序的总体对比
主 语
汉语 句子
谓 语
[包括系动词]
宾 语
[包括表语]
状语
定语
较灵活 固定
固定 较灵活
固定 较灵活
英语 句子

1. 平常女孩子所喜好的事，她却一点都不 爱。 She didn’t share the same likes with ordinary girls.
4.1.1 位置关系

Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.
位置关系，或词序，是指语言中词的排列顺序。 If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammatical or nonsensical at all.




[3]. ①It is hard work choosing the right words, but we shall be rewarded by the satisfaction [that finding them brings]. ②The exact use of language gives us mastery over the material [we are dealing with]. ③Perhaps you have been asked “what sort of a man is so-and-so?” ④ You begin: “Oh, I think he’s quite a nice chap but he’s rather…” and then you hesitate trying to find a word or phrase to express what it is about him that you don’t like, that constitutes his limitation. ⑤When you find the right phrase, (为断句，译者自加的逗号)you feel that your conception of the man is cleaner and sharper…
第2层切分
第3层切分 第4层切分 第5层切分 第6层切分 第7层切分 第8层切分
Sentence
Clause Word group / phrase Word Morpheme Syllable Segmental phoneme
句子
小句（分句、子句） 词组 / 短语 词 语素 音节 单个音段音位
Saussure
[联想关系]
Paradigmatic
relations [聚合关系] Vertical relations
[叶尔姆斯列夫]
通俗叫法[1] 通俗叫法[2]
[水平关系]
Chain relations
[垂直关系]
Choice relations
[链状关系]
[选择关系]
4.1.3 同现关系

Relation of Co-occurrence means words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence. 同现关系指(小句中不同集合的词)(允许或要求)和 (另一集合或类别中的词) 一起组成(句子或句子的 某一部分)。 Relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.
五种同义表述
Positional Relations of substitutrelations[位置关系] ability [替换关系]
Syntagmatic relations [句段关系] Syntagmatic relations [组合关系] Horizontal relations Associative relations 本教材的 Saussure [索绪尔] Hjemslev

A student, replying to an invitation to dinner, finished his letter: “I shall be delighted to come and I am looking forward to the day with anxiety.”
(1857-1913)(瑞士)
Bloomfield
(1887-1949)(美国)
Structural Linguistics 的基本理论

索绪尔的语言学被称为结构主义语言学。 结构主义语言学的基本理论
1. 语言是一个相对封闭的结构；在这个结构中，各 个组成部分的特征和属性完全由它们在结构内部 的相互关系来界定； 2. 这个结构有不同的层次，每一层上的成分通过结 合形成更高的层次； 3. 一个层次上的各种成分与其他层次上的各种成分 形成对照，这就是说，每个层次的结构原理都是 相同的。



英汉语句子结构的一般特征


①英语句子通常以主谓结构为主干，以谓语动词 为中心，在此基础上，借助于现在分词、过去分 词、动名词、动词不定式、并列连词、从属连词、 关系代词、关系副词、介词、或副词等连接手段， 将句子中的各个次要成分连接起来，层层搭架， 呈现出由中心向外围扩展的“分岔式”结构。 ①汉语句子一般通过多个动词的连用或流水句形 式，按照时间先后顺序和事理推移的方式，把事 情一件件交待清楚，呈现出“流水式”的结构。
句法学研究[(语言中的不同成分)组成句子的]规则， 并研究[句子结构成分之间的]相互关系。

4.1 句法关系 4.2 语法结构 4.2 成分 4.3 句法功能 4.4 范畴
4.5 短语、小句 和句子 4.6 递归性
语法结构的形成过程 语法结构形成之后的结果 语法结构内的组成部分 各个组成部分之间的关系 成分本身所具有的属性
对语法结构的具体化 语法结构本身所具有的属性
知识点之间的联系



“句法关系” 描写的是语法结构的形成过程。 “语法结构” 描写的是语法结构形成之后的结果。 “成 分” 描写的是语法结构内的组成部分。 “句法功能” 描写的是各个组成部分之间的关系。 “范 畴” 描写的是成分本身所具有的属性。 “短语、小句和句子” 是对语法结构的具体化。 “递 归 性” 是语法结构本身所具有的属性。
第1讲 第 4 章 句法学 （From Word to Text / Syntax）
4.0. 结构主义语言学的基本理论 4.1. 句法关系
学习要点



1. 概念。 2. 概念之间的联系（对比，上下游）即理论。 3. 理论联系实际，学以致用。
语言中的层次（Stratification）
第1层切分 Text 语篇
4.1 ic relations can be analyzed into three kinds, namely, positional relations, relations of substitutability, and relations of co-occurrence. 注解： 1. 句法关系描写的是句子形成过程中涉及到的三 种关系。 2. 这三种关系是从三个角度观察句子的形成过程 所；它们相辅相成，不可分割。

A quarter of a century after the introduction of television into American society, a period that has seen the medium become so deeply ingrained in American life that in at least one state the television set has attained the rank of a legal necessity, safe from repossession in case of debt along with clothes, cooking utensils, and the like, television has become an inevitable and ordinary part of daily life.
2. 他①一九三五年②八月③二十二日④早晨 ⑤六点三十分诞生在(1)湖南的(2)一个小县城。 He was born (2) in a small town (1) of Hunan Province ⑤at six thirty ④on the morning of ② August ③22, ①1935. of ③22 ②August，①1935.
句法学的定义

Syntax is the study of the rules [governing the ways (different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language)], and the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.
4.1.2 替换关系

Firstly, the relation of substitutability refers to classes or sets of words [(substitutable for each other grammatically) (in sentences with the same structure)]. 首先，替换关系是指在相同结构的句子中，语法 上可以互相替代的词类或词的集合。 Secondly, it refers to groups of more than one word [which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set]. 其次，它还指由多个词组成的词组，这些词在语 法上可以代替特定集合中的单个词。