抢夺转化型抢劫犯罪的
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抢夺转化型抢劫犯罪的
刑事责任年龄及定罪数额问题研究Research of the age of criminal responsibility and the sum of conviction
for the conversion crime of snatching to robbery
梁卫华
Liang Wei-hua
(恩平广播电视大学,广东恩平,529400)
(Enping Radio &Television University,Enping Guangdong China 529400)
[摘要]对于法学界和实务界关于抢夺转化型抢劫犯罪的刑事责任年龄及定罪数额问题的争论,笔者赞同年龄起点和数额起点都应按照抢劫罪。笔者认为,根据转化型犯罪的处罚原则,抢夺转化型抢劫犯罪因行为人主客观表现的变化导致其行为已经发生了质的变化,其主客观方面已经超出了抢夺罪的犯罪构成,而符合抢劫罪的构成条件,即行为已经由原来较轻的抢夺行为或抢夺犯罪向较重的抢劫犯罪转化,法律规定以较重的犯罪定罪处罚,就是为了表明法律对该行为在出现特定情况时更为严厉的否定性评价,是罪责刑相适应原则的要求。针对当前“两抢”(抢劫、抢夺)分子气焰嚣张、暴力程度不断加剧、恶行令人发指、民愤极大的现状,2005年6月14日出台的《最高人民法院关于抢劫、抢夺刑事案件适用法律若干问题的意见》对抢夺转化型抢劫犯罪加强打击力度,这与《刑法》对抢劫罪等暴力犯罪的处罚较盗窃、诈骗、抢夺等非暴力犯罪的处罚重,并在第二百六十七条第二款、第二百六十九条规定抢夺转化型抢劫犯罪的宗旨是一致的,体现了《刑法》期望通过从严惩处暴力犯罪,来达到遏制非暴力犯罪在犯罪进程中演变为暴力犯罪的立法意图。
Abstract: To the argument between the law and the practical business which is about the age of criminal responsibility and the sum of punishment, the author agrees that the beginning of the criminal’s age and the sum of conviction should follow the robbery. In the author’s view: according to the punishing principles of conversion crime, snatching converts to robbery because of subjective and objective change of the conductor. The behavior of the conductor has a qualitative change and surpass the criminal component, then suit to the component of robbery, ie, the original lighter snatching behavior or snatching crime has converted to serious robbery. According to the law, it will be determined crime as serious robbery, which shows the law’s more serious negative evaluation to the robbery under particular circumstance and it goes with the principle request that crime punishment and responsibility suit to each other. Owing to the present situation in which the criminals of “two robs”are very
【作者简介】梁卫华(1969-),男,广东恩平人,哲学学士,恩平广播电视大学讲师、副校长。
aggressive, the violence degree is deteriorating, their immoral conduct is outrageous and the public’s anger is tremendous, Opinions of Supreme Peoples’ Court about the Problems of the Suitable Law to Robbery, Crime of Snatching appeared on June 14, 2005 strengthened the punishment to the conversion type of snatching to robbery, which is in accordance with the Criminal Law that punishes the violence crime as the robbery more seriously than the nonviolence crime such as burglar, deceive etc. It is also in accordance with the requirement to conversion type of snatching to robbery in the second item of the 267th regulation and the 269th regulation. All these show the legislation intention of Criminal Law which expects to punish the violence crime seriously to suppress the nonviolence crime converts to violence crime in the course of committing crime.
[关键词]抢夺;转化型犯罪;抢劫罪;刑事责任年龄;定罪数额
Key words: snatching;conversion type of crime;robbery;the age of criminal responsibility;the sum of conversion
在我国79年刑法和现行刑法典中,均存在这样的立法例:行为人实施某一犯罪之时或之后,如果又出现了某种情况(后果、行为或方法),法律就规定不再以该罪定罪,而以刑法另一条文规定之罪定罪处罚。针对这种立法现象,我国一些刑法学者提出了“转化犯”的概念,并就转化犯这一犯罪形态进行过不少理论上的探讨。当前“两抢”(抢劫、抢夺)等侵财型犯罪暴力程度不断加剧、高发频发,严重侵犯了广大人民群众生命、财产安全,社会治安的急剧恶化,引起人们的恐慌,严重危害了社会的稳定,为了加强对侵财型暴力犯罪的打击力度,我国现行《刑法》规定了抢夺等犯罪行为转化为抢劫罪的法定情形,《中华人民共和国刑法》第二百六十七条第二款规定“携带凶器抢夺的,依照本法第二百六十三条的规定定罪处罚。”第二百六十九条规定“犯盗窃、诈骗、抢夺罪,为窝藏赃物、抗拒抓捕或者毁灭罪证而当场使用暴力或者以暴力相威胁的,依照本法第二百六十三条的规定定罪处罚。”关于抢夺转化型抢劫犯罪的司法认定在理论界和实务界一直是一个争论的热点,本文针对“两抢”专就抢夺转化型抢劫犯罪的刑事责任年龄及定罪数额问题作一些粗浅探讨。
一、对抢夺转化型抢劫犯罪刑事责任年龄的争议
我国现行刑法规定,构成抢劫罪的刑事责任年龄起点为年满14周岁,抢夺罪为年满16周岁。但不足之处是:对抢夺转化型抢劫犯罪的刑事责任年龄起点没有明确规定。这在刑法学界和司法实践中就引起了争议,概括来说,对抢夺转化型抢劫犯罪的刑事责任年龄起点,主要分成两大截然相反的阵营:第一阵营认为抢夺转化型抢劫犯罪的刑事责任年龄起点,应以抢夺罪的刑事责任年龄起点为宜。但按照其法理依据的不同,又可分为两种观点:
一种观点认为,基于现行刑法典保护未成年人的原则,抢夺转化型抢劫犯罪的刑事责任年龄起点以抢夺罪的刑事责任年龄为起点才符合立法原意。该种观点认为,规定刑事责任年龄的目的,在于根据行为人对社会的主观认识能力来确定其承担的刑事责任范围,确定刑事责任年龄起点,并非只看社会危害性大小,而要考虑行为人的主观认识能力,并对未成年人加以必要的保护。对已满14周岁不满16周岁的相对无刑事责任能力人,在确定其行为是否构成犯罪时,虽然不能忽视对社会危害性的大小,但要将社会危害性的