浅谈差速器--外文翻译

浙江师范大学本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译

译文：

浅谈差速器

普通行星齿轮差速器由行星架（差速器壳），半轴齿轮等零件组成。它将发动机的动力，直接驱动差速器壳体内的轴，再由行星齿轮驱动左、右两半轴，并分别驱动左、右车轮。差速器的设计应满足：左半轴转速与右半轴转速之和等于两倍的行星架转速。当两侧车轮以纯滚动的形式做等距行驶时，会减少轮胎和路面的摩擦.差速器的这种调整是自动的，这里涉及到“最小能耗原理”，即地球上所有物体都倾向于耗能最小的状态。例如把一粒豆子放入一个碗内，豆子会自动停留在碗底，而不会留在碗壁，因为碗底是能量消耗最低的位置（位能），它会自动选择静止（动能最小）而不会不断地运动。同样的道理，汽车转弯时所有的驱动轮，左、右车轮与行星架的速度是相等的，而在汽车转弯时的三个平衡状态被破坏，导致内侧轮转速减小，横向轮RPM增加。

汽车差速器是驱动桥的主要部件。其功能是传递两侧半轴的动力，同时允许两半轴以不同的速度旋转，同时能够满足按照国家标准的自动的最低能量消耗的趋势，在转弯时自动接受转向半径来调整右轮转速，由于横向摩擦轮拖动现象，内侧车轮有滑动现象，现在两个驱动轮可以产生两个相反方向的附加力，因此符合最小的能源消耗原理, 这不可避免地导致了两侧车轮的速度差，从而摧毁了三个平衡关系，并通过半轴齿轮体现出来。迫使行星齿轮产生自转，使外侧半轴转速更快，内侧半轴减速，从而实现两侧车轮转速的差异。

如果任意一侧驱动轴上的驱动轮都使用一个整体的刚性连接，那么这两个轮子只能以相同的角度旋转。所以，当车辆的转向轮驱动时，由于外侧车轮比内侧车轮横过的距离大，将使外侧车轮在滚动的同时产生延迟，内侧车轮在滚动的同时产生滑动。即使车轮在凹凸不平的道路上跑直线，因为虽然道路是直，但轮胎滚动半径范围（轮胎制造误差，磨损不同，通过不均或气压不等所造成的车轮滑动）轮毂时，不仅会加剧轮胎的磨损滑动，增加动力性和燃油消耗，还能使车辆的转向困难，制动性能变得差.为了使车轮尽可能不会发生滑动的结构，必须保证车轮可以以不同的角度旋转。

轴间差速器：通常驾驶的轿车轮毂轴承支撑在主轴上，能够以任何角度旋转，驱动车轮分别与两根半轴刚性连接，在两根半轴之间有一个差速器，这种差速器称为轴间差速器。

如果使后轮轴成为一个整体，他将无法使两侧的车轮转速有差异，即不能做自动

调整。为了解决这个问题，早在一百年前，法国雷诺汽车公司创始人路易斯·雷诺设计了一个差速器。

现代汽车上的差速器通常是根据其工作特性分为齿轮式差速器和限滑差速器两大类。

1.开模差速器

诺基开模差速器的结构是典型的行星齿轮组的结构，只有太阳轮和小齿轮环外是相同的。在此行星齿轮组中，驱动轮是行星架，被动轮是两个太阳轮。通过行星齿轮组，我们知道了它的传输性能，如果行星架作为主动轴，两个太阳轮的转速和旋转方向是不确定的，甚至两个太阳轮旋转方向是相反的。

该差速器特征是两个半轴传递转矩相同，在一个驱动车轮的情况下，如果驱动轴旋转，驱动力会均匀地粘附在驱动轮上，如果没有驱动轴，转速就会加快，连接的两个半部的差动轴的转矩方向相反的，用来驱动车辆前进，而且只有车轮的内侧，行星架和内侧的太阳轮之间由等速传动变成了减速传动，驾驶感觉高速弯道加速比直行更强大。

开模差速器的优点是在路面上安装的转向驱动上的最佳效果。缺点是在一个驱动轮丧失附着力的情况下，另外一个驱动轮也没有行驶力。开模差速器可以适应于前轴和后轴驱动器驱动的汽车，在任何铺平道路上行驶。

2.限滑差速器

限滑差速器可以弥补开模差速器的部分越野缺陷，它是对开模差速器机构的提升，差速器壳侧之间的摩擦增加，对应于所述行星齿轮组来讲，是行星架和太阳轮之间增加了摩擦片，增加的太阳轮和行星架的自由旋转的阻力矩。限滑差速器提供的附加扭矩，与摩擦片传递的功率和两个驱动轮的转速差有关。在开模差速器结构中改善的限滑差速器，不能达到100％的限滑，因为限滑系数越高，车辆的性能越差。

限滑差速器有开模差速器传动装置的特点和机械的结构。优点是能提供一定的限滑力矩，缺点是转弯性能变差，摩擦片的寿命有限。限滑差速器一般适用于铺装路面或者轻度越野的情况下。通常用于驱动器，前驱车一般不装，因为限滑差速器干涉转向和限滑系数，转向越大就限滑就越困难。

3. 锁式差速器（机械锁定检查，电锁，气动锁紧检查）

为了保证越野车在复杂条件下的驾驶性能，通过一定机械结构的差速器锁定，实现两个半轴的同步旋转。通过分析行星齿轮组来锁定行星齿轮组机构，保证行星架轮与太阳轮，两个太阳轮之间的传动比是1:1。

太阳轮和行星架上的锁，可以把这个行星架和行星齿轮锁死，还可以把两个太阳轮锁死。锁止式差速器如果没有锁，在传动比固定为1:1的情况下，其传输特性和开模差速器完全一样。这种差速器在越野上的优点不言而喻，最大的缺点是动力，差速器在锁止情况下，车辆转向极其困难，现有的单个车轮有可能承载发动机100％的转矩，半轴会因为扭矩过大而变形或破裂，车辆在转弯时两个半轴的转矩

是相对的，如果两侧的轮胎附着力过大，将扭动半轴。

此外，这种差速器在车辆在执行锁止的过程中会产生较大的噪声。

4 .电子锁差速器

电子锁差速器和上述开模差速器比较，在结构和特性上不发生改变，但通过使用ABS或EBD系统来实现制动单侧打滑车轮的运动，限制两个驱动轮旋转差，保证驱动轮的动力。

优点：安全性好，不会损坏车辆。缺点：需要ABS，成本高;在恶劣的越野条件下， EBD系统这一电子产品变成了机械产品;和锁式差速器一样驱动力在单侧车轮上。

5.齿轮式差速器：

当驱动轮的以不同的方式旋转时，差速器分配给转速较慢的驱动轮的转矩大于转速较快的驱动轮的转矩，这种差速器的转矩分配特性能满足汽车在良好路面移动的要求。但是，当汽车在恶劣的道路上行驶时，会严重影响其通过性能。例如当汽车的一个驱动轮进入泥泞的道路，虽然另一驱动轮在良好的道路，汽车往往不能前进（滑动）。在泥泞道路上的这一点上驱动轮在原地滑动，在良好的道路车轮是静止的。这是因为在泥泞道路上，车轮和道路表面之间的粘附的较小，道路只有通过这一轮的较小的反应转矩，因此，差速器分配给这一轮的转矩也小，虽然另一个驱动轮和更好的道路，以提高粘附性较大，但由于扭矩的平均分布特性，使此驱动轮也只能被分配到驱动轮滑移需要的转矩，从而使驱动力来克服行驶阻力，汽车不能前进和动机消耗在驱动轮的滑移。在这个时候不能使汽车相对地面前进，消耗燃油，加速零件的磨损，尤其是轮胎磨损加剧。

有效的解决方法是：切片机打滑驱动轮下的泥土，或在此轮垫干土，碎石，树枝，干草等。

6.滑动差速器：

为了提高汽车在劣质路面上的通过性能，一些越野车和豪华轿车都采用滑动差速器。滑动差速器的特点是：当驱动轮在劣质的路面上发生侧滑时，可以使大部分甚至全部的转矩传递给在好的路面上的驱动轮，以致充分利用驱动轮的附着力，以产生足够的力量使汽车开始或者继续行驶。

1. 差速器壳体不可以有任何性质的裂纹，外壳和行星齿轮垫片，差速器半轴齿轮之间的接触，应是光滑没有凹槽的，如果有轻微的凹槽或磨损，经过研磨可以继续使用，否则就必须更换新的或者进行修复。

2.行星齿轮差速器壳和行星齿轮的嵌合时，间隙不得超过0.1-0.15毫米，半轴齿轮轴颈部和壳孔间隙配合，应该没有明显的松散感，否则必须更换新的或进行修复。

原文：

Something about the differential

By ordinary differential planetary gear, the planet round rack (differential shell) and half axle gears, etc parts. By the power of the engine, direct drive shaft into differential planetary wheel frame, again by the planets wheel drive left, right, two half shaft are respectively driven wheels left and right. Differential design requirements meet: (left) + (right shaft speed shaft speed) = 2 (planets wheel frame speed). When sides wheel as pure rolling forms do isometric driving, reducing

tire and the surface friction.Differential this adjustment is automatic, here involves " minimal energy consumption principle", namely earth all objects are inclined to consumption mini mum state. For example a grain of beans into a bowl, beans will automatically stays in the bowl bottom and never stay in bowl wall, because bowl bottom is lowest energy position (potential), it automatically select static (minimum) without constantly kinetic energy movement. In the same way, Wheel in cornering would all the automobile moher, left, right wheel and planetary wheel frame three speed equal in balance, while in the car when turning three equilibrium state is destroyed, cause the medial wheel speed decreases, and the lateral wheel RPM increases.

Automotive differential is driven axle Lord pieces. Its function is to both sides half shaft transmission power, while allowing both si-des half shaft in different speed rotating, satisfy both so automatically tendency of the lowest energy consumption in accordance with state, automaticaly turning radiu adjusting right wheels speed When cornering, due to the lateral friction wheel dragged phenomenon, medial wheel have slip phenomenon, two driving wheel now can produce two opposite direction of additional force, as a result of minimal energy consumption principle", which inevitably leads on both sides of the wheel speed difference, thus destroyed three balance relationship, and through the half shaft are reflected in half axle gear, forcing planetary gear produce rotation, make the lateral half shaft speed faster,medial half axle planetismal, thus realize both sides wheel speed difference.

If the drive wheels on either side of the drive axle shaft to the

use of a whole rigid connection,the two wheels can only at the same Angle rotation. So, when the vehicle steering wheel drive, due to the lateral than medial wheels moved across the distance is big, will make the lateral wheels in rolling produced simultaneously slippery procrastinate, and medial wheels in rolling produced simultaneously slip. Even the car run

straight road gravamen, because although pavement straight but tyres or rolling radius range (tyre manufacture error, wear

different, by the uneven or pneumatic ranging caused by the wheels of sliding)Wheel when not only aggravate sliding tire wear,increase power and fuel consumption, still can make the vehicle steering difficulties, braking performance becomes poor.For the wheel as far as possible

will not occur in the structure of sliding, must guarantee the wheels can come with different Angle rotation.

Axis between differential:usually driven wheel bearings for support on spindle, enable to any Angle rotation, and drive wheels respectively with two root half axle rigid connection, in between two root half shaft with differential. This differential also called shaft between differential. If after axles make it a whole, he couldn't do it on both sides of the wheel speed difference,namely can't do an automatic adjustment. In order to solve this problem, as early as in a hundred years ago, France Renault automotive company founder luis Renault will design a differential in this thing.

Modern vehicles on the differential usually according to its work characteristics into gear type differential and slip differential two kinds big.

1. Open-die differential The structure of the Cherokee open-die differential is typical of planetary gear set structure, only the sun wheel and outside the pinion gear ring are the same. In this planetary gear set, driving gear is planet shelf, passive round is two SUNS wheel. Through the planetary gear set the transmission properties we know, if the planet shelf as Zhudong Zhou, two SUNS wheel speed and rotation direction is not affirmatory, even two SUNS wheel rotation direction is the opposite.

Vehicle condition, this differential moher, feature is to two and a half shaft transmission torque of the same. In a driving wheel impending case, if the drive shaft rotation, have adhesion is uniform the driving wheels of driving force, if there is no drive shaft rotation is accelerated, have adhesion the driving wheels driving force equals impending wheel Angle acceleration and rotary inertia of the product Vehicle turning tires don't skid condition, connect the two halves of the differential shaft

torque direction is opposite, give the vehicle driving forward, and

only the inside of the wheel, the planet shelf and medial sun round by the isokinetic transmission between became deceleration transmission, driving sensation is accelerated speed corners than straight more powerful.

The advantages of open-die differential is installed in the pavement turned driving on the best effect. Weakness is in a driving wheel loss adhesion, under the situation of another nor driving

force.

Open-die differential is the suitable scope that all paving road traffic,

front axle and rear axle driver drive can be installed.

2. Limited slip differential

Limited slip differential used for parts make up open-die differential transmission in off-road defects, it is in the open differential institution improved,and the differential shell side increase friction between gear piece, corresponding to the planetary gear set speaking, is the planet shelf and the sun round between increased friction slices,

increase the sun wheel and planet shelf free rotating resistance torque. Limited slip differential provide additional torque, and friction slices transfer of power and two driving wheel rotation difference of concerned. In open-die differential structure to improve on LSD, cannot produce 100% limited slip, because the limited slip coefficient, the higher the vehicles to the characteristics of the poor.

LSD have open-die differential transmission characteristics and mechanical structure. Advantage is to provide certain limited slip torque,defect is turning performance becomes poor, friction slices limited life.

LSD is the suitable scope paving road surface and mild off-road. Usually used for the drive. Former drove generally does not installed, because LSD interfere steering,limited slip coefficient, the greater the steering the more difficult.

3. The lock type differential(mechanical locking check, electric the lock, pneumatic locking check)

In order to guarantee the off-road vehicles in complex conditions, driving performance through certain mechanical structure of the differential locked achieve two half axle synchronous rotation. Through the analysis of planetary gear set is the planetary gear set of gear

mechanisms locked, guarantee the planet shelf wheel with the sun, and two SUNS round between the transmission ratio between is 1:1.

Can the sun to the wheel and planet shelf the lock, can put the planet shelf and planetary gear locked,still can put two SUNS wheel locked.

The lock type differential,without the lock, its transmission characteristics and open-die differential exactly the same as that in the lock, under the situation of transmission ratio was fixed for 1:1.

The advantages of this differential in off-road self-evident that provides the biggest drawback is the driving force, the differential lock up the situation, vehicle steering extremely difficult, Existing single wheel inherit engine 100% torque possible, half shaft will because torque excessive deformation or break, Vehicles in the process of steering bearings two and a half by opposite torque, if both sides tires adhesion are large, would wring half axle.

Moreover, this kind of differentials, the vehicle process execution lock up the action will produce larger noise.

4 . Electronic differentials lock

Electronic differentials lock and the aforesaid compared,without changing the structure and characteristics of open-die differential, but use ABS or EBD system to implement unilateral braking skid wheels movement, limit of two driving wheel rotation difference, guarantee the drive wheels momentum. Advantages: good safety,won't damaged vehicle. Faults:need ABS and costly; EBD system, In the harsh off-road conditions, electronic product reliability as mechanical products; Unilateral wheel driving force, as the lock type differential.

5. gear type differential:

When driving wheel rotation difference exists about when, differential assigned to slow turns driving wheel torque is greater than turn fast driving wheel torque. This kind of differential torque partitioning characteristics can satisfy the car in good pavement moving. But when the automobile in bad the road, but serious influence through capacity. E.g. when a car driving wheel into muddy road, although another driving wheel in good road,the car was often cannot advance (known as slips). At this point in the muddy road on the driving wheels in-situ slip, in good road wheels is motionless. This is because in the muddy road wheels and road surface adhesion between the lesser, road only through this round of half-and-half shaft role of smaller reaction torque,therefore differential assigned to this round of torque also small,although another driving wheel and better road to improve adhesion of the larger, but because average distribution characteristics of torque, which make this drive wheels can only also assigned to the drive wheels with slip equal

amounts of torque, so that the driving force to overcome driving resistance, cars can't advance and motivation is expended in slip driving wheel. At this time to floor not only made the car ahead,instead of waste fuel, accelerate parts wear, especially tire wear is intensified.

Effective solutions are: slicer slip driving wheel under the mud or in this wheel mat dry soil, gravel, branches, hay,etc.

6. slip differential:

In order to improve the car in a bad way through capacity, some off-road vehicle and limousines screwup slip differential. Slip differential characteristics are,when driving wheel in a bad way side slip, can make the most or all torque in good road to the driving wheels, to take full advantage of the drive wheels adhesion to generate enough force, that car

start or continue to drive.

1. Differential shell there cannot be any properties of crack, shell and planetary gear gaskets,differential half axle gear contact between, should be smooth without groove, If there is a slight groove or wear, can continue to use after grinding, otherwise must be changed or be repaired.

2 the planetary gear differential shell and planetary gear wheel when the

fitting clearance must not be more than 0.1-0.15 mm, half axle gear shaft neck and shell with holes for clearance fit, should have no obvious loose feeling, otherwise desert must be changed or repair.