隐喻-映射

a. We have arrived at the crucial point in the argument. b. Where are you in the discussion?
The examples show that the places the traveller passes on the journey to the destination correspond to ‘points’ in a rational argument.
c. The metaphorical nature of an expression can fade over time and with repeated use. For highly conventionalized expressions, it is implausible to maintain that the entity designated by the expression is being conceptualized in terms of metaphorical mapping.
d. There are certain metaphorical expressions which appear problematic for the domain mapping theory. For example: That surgeon is a butcher. Source domain Target domain
is familiar with one between a schema and its instance.
A conceptual metaphor is schematic for the metaphorical expressions which instantiate it.
Conceptual metaphors can stand in a schema- instance relation
e. Slow down, you’re going too fast for me. f. Can you go over that again for me？
The examples introduce a second participant into the scenario---the companion who follows the traveller.
butcher
butcher’ knife
corresponds to
surgeon
surgeon’s scaplel
Animal carcass patient The surgeon is incompetent. ( cannot derive from the source domain)
Conceptual metaphors as schemas
Source domains: motion, location, containment (in/out), distance, size, orientation (up/down), perception (especially: seeing and sight), brightness, weight, temperature, etc. Target domains: time, life, thinking, reasoning, communication, the mind, emotions, intentions, causation, morality, love, marriage, society, economics, politics, etc.
Source domain (travelling)
Target domain (rational thought)
path places on a path
corresponds to
argument points in an argument
straying from the path
following a traveller
Approaches to the Study of Metaphor: Lakoff’s research methods
3rd Dec,2014
Contents: The definition of conceptual metaphor Lakoff’s research method-mapping Conceptual metaphors as schemas References
Thank you for watche argument
understanding a person explaining an argument
going over (part of) the path again
repeating (part of) the argument
Classification:
Lack off and Johnson draw a conclusion---abstract domains can not be conceptualized in their own terms, but must always be accesses through metaphor, therefore, metaphor, is not just a way of speaking, it is intrinsic to abstract thought. However, Taylor was skeptical of this claim, and he had his own reasons as follows: a. In order for a target domain to be subject to mapping from a source domain, there has to be some prior conceptualization of the target domain. b. The fact that a given expression is used of more than one domain does not entail that one use is a metaphorical extension of the other. In fact, in order for mapping relation between source domain and target domain to be possible at all, there has to be a perceived similarity between the two domains.
We started out from these premises.
source domain (travelling)
We came to these conclusions.
Target domain (rational thought)
traveller departure point
corresponds to
c. I’m stuck. d. I can’t go any further along this line of reasoning.
The examples introduce another aspect---the traveller can get stuck. This maps on to the thinker who cannot progress further in the reasoning process.
Lakoff’s research method----mapping
The essence of the Lakovian approach to metaphor is easily stated: metaphor involves a mapping relation between two domains (more precisely, between elements in two domains). The source domain corresponds to the traditional notion of the metaphor vehicle（喻体） , while the target domain is equivalent to the traditional metaphor tenor(本体）. By convention，conceptual metaphors are written in small capitals and take the form X IS Y, where X is（an element of）the target domain and Y is( an element of）the source domain. ( THINKING IS MOVING)
thinker premises
arrival point
motion
conclusion
reasoning
It is easy to come up with expressions which map some further aspects of travelling on to further aspects of reasoning.
The definition of conceptual metaphor:
In cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor, or cognitive metaphor, refers to the understanding of one idea, or conceptual domain, in terms of another. (THINKING IS MOVING)
IDEAS ARE LOCATIONS
A PREMISE IS A STARTING POINT
A CONCLUSION IS A DESTINATION
We started out from these premises
We came to these conclusions Where are you heading ? …
The relation between a conceptual metaphor , such as A CONCLUSION IS A DESTINATION and specific
metaphorical expressions , such as We arrived at the conclusion,
I can see where you’re coming
…
References
Lakoff G. & Johnson M. Metaphors We Live By [M]. London: The University of Chicago Press, 1980. John R. Taylor. 认知语法[M]. 北京：世界图书出版 公司北京公司，2013. 束定芳. 认知语义学 [M]. 上海： 上海外语教育出版 社, 2008.