although, though, as, even though, even if, despite, (in) despite of, in spite of

although, though, as, even though, even if, despite, (in) despite of, in spite of等，除了后三者是介词（短语）外，其余都是从属连词。

一. 从属连词although, though, as, even though, even if的用法

1.在自然语序的让步状语从句中，although, though, even though的用法相同，均可置于句首或从句首，常与动词连用，只是thouth比另两者要通俗些。如：

ThoughAlthoughEven though it’s hard work, I enjoy it.尽管这项工作艰难，我却喜欢它。

AlthoughThoughEven though we all tried our best, we lost the game.(=We lost the game althoughthougheven though we tried our best.)虽然我们已经尽了最大的力量，但还是输了。

注意：上述的句型都不能用as代替though, although或even though。

2.当让步状语从句的动词用一般现在时表示将来的假说或一般的行为习惯时，通常用even thougheven if,一般不用though, although和as，如：

Even ifEven thouth I have to walk all the way,I’ll go there. 即使我得一路走着去，我也要走到那里。

She won’t leave the TV set even thougheven if supper’s on the table. 即使晚饭已摆在桌上，她也不愿意离开电视机。

但是，有时though+情态动词+行为动词也可替代even thougheven if+动词的一般现在时来表示习惯性的行为。如：

Even ifEven though you don’t like wine（=though you may not like wine）,try a glass of this. 尽管你不喜欢酒，也要喝一杯这样的酒。

3. 当让步状语从句的动词用虚拟式表示与事实相反的假说时，大多数用even thougheven if, 而不用though, although和as,如：

It was a sword-thrust, received from twenty to twenty-four hours before, but nothing could have saved him even ifeven though he had been tended without delay. 那是一处二十至二十四小时前被剑刺的伤口，但是，即使他当时得到及时的救护，也没法挽救他的命。

You are not stupid. Even thoughEven if you were slow at study, you shouldn’t give up your studies. 你并不傻，即使你学得慢一点，也不应该放弃学习。

4.在倒装语序的让步状语从句中，通常用though或as，不用although, even though。如：

Poor thoughas I am, I can afford beer. 虽然我穷，我还可以买得起啤酒。

Young asthough I am, I already know what career I want to follow. 尽管我还小，但对要从事的职业已经胸有成竹。

Strange though it may seem, it is true. 尽管这事似乎很奇怪，可是是真的。

Try as he wouldmight, he couldn’t open the door.虽然他试了几次，却仍打不开那门。

5.在省略了主语、be动词或行为动词的让步状语从句中，常常用thoughalthough,而不用as, even though, even if，如：

Her appointment was a significant（success）,althoughthough( it was a )temporary success. 她受聘虽然是临时性的，但却是一大成功。

He performed the t

ask well, althoughthough（he performed it）slowly.尽管他做得有些慢，但把任务完成得很好。

It is a sunny day, thoughalthough (it is) cold. 今天虽然冷，但阳光充足。

注意：上述三句中的althoughthough可用albeit代替，只是albeit比另两者更文雅、更正式一些，如：

Her appointment was a significant, albeit temporary success.

He performed the task well, albeit slowly.

It is a sunny day, albeit cold.

6.though作副词时表示“尽管如此”，一般置于句末，可用however代替，此时不能用althougheven thoughas等代替。如：

We all tried our best. We lost the game, thoughhowever. 我们都已尽了最大的力量，尽管如此，我们还是输了。

The task was very hard. He decided to perform it, thoughhowever. 任务很艰巨，尽管如此，他还是决定去执行。

注意：当however置于第二句（表示结果）的句首时，不能用though来代替，如上述两句可改为：

We all tried our best. However, we lost the game.

The task was very hard. However, he decided to perform it.

7.当状语从句用althoughthoughaseven though时，不能与but连用，但可与yet连用，如：

AlthoughThoughEven though he is old, (yet) he is quite strong. 虽然他老了，但是还是十分强壮。

Child asthough he is, (yet) he knows a lot of Chinese characters.尽管他是个小孩，却懂得很多汉字。

二、介词（短语）despite(in)despite ofin spite of的用法

在英语中，despite(in)despite ofin spite of是介词（短语），都可接名词（短语）、动名词（短语），只是(in)despite of是较古老的用语，这短语中的in可以省略。如：

They had a wonderful holiday, despitein spite of(in) despite of bad weather. 尽管天气不好，他们的假日还是过得极为愉快。

DespiteIn spite of(In) despite of wanting to see him again, she refused to reply to his letters.她尽管很想再见到他，但却不愿意给他回信。

DespiteIn spite of(In) despite of the fact that we tried our best, we didn’t win. 尽管我们尽了最大的努力，我们还是没有得胜。












although和though的区别：
①although和though同义，在一般情况下，可以互换使用。只是though较普遍，常用于非正式的口语或书面语中，而although则较为正式。另外although语气比though重，常用以强调让步概念。

ThoughAlthough my car is very old, I don’t want to buy a new one.
虽然我的汽车很旧，但我不想买一辆新的。

He insisted on doing it although I warned him not to.
虽然我警告他不要做，但他仍然坚持要做。

②even能和though组合表示强调，但even不能和although组合。因此，不能说even although,在这里even though=even if(no matter if; though即使……也……)

Even ifEven though we could afford it, we wouldn’t go abroad for our vocation.

即使我们付得起这笔钱，也不出国度假。

③当让步状语从句指某种假设情况时，通常用though,而不用although。

Though all the world were against me, I should still hold to my opinion.
就算全世界都反对我，我还是坚持我的立场。

Though everybody deserts you, I will not.
即使所有人都抛弃你，我也不会的。

④though可以独立用作副词，常放在句末，意为all the same (还是；仍然)或however(可是；然而)，而although无此用法。

She didn’t tell me what she had done, but I know it though.
她没有告诉我她所做的事情，但我还是知道了。

It’s hard work. I enjoy it, though.
工作很苦，可是我喜欢。

⑤though引导让步状语从句时可以倒装，而although从句则不能。

Bravely though they fought, they had no chance of winning.
虽然他们打得很勇敢，但还是没有机会获胜。

相同点：①在although和though引导的让步状语从句中，主句里不可用but,若要强调前后两部分的对比意义，可在主句前加yet或still。

AlthoughThough he has a lot of money, yetstill he is unhappy.
他虽然有很多钱，但并不幸福。

②although和though引导让步状语从句时，常采用省略形式。

Although tired (=Although he was tired), he kept on working.

The problem, though complicated(=though it is complicated), can be solved without much difficulty.

Despite用作介词时，与 in spite of同义，都表示“尽管”、“虽然”、“不顾”之意，但程度有所不同。

一般说来，in spite of的语气较强，使用范围也较广； despite的语气较弱，多用于诗歌或正式的文体中。Despite可以写作despite of，也可以写作 in despite of；in spite of则可以写作 spite of，但这些写法已少用了。

Despite his advanced years，he is learning to drive．
虽然年事已高，他现在在学驾驶汽车。

Despite the drought，we expect a good crop．
尽管天旱，丰收依然在望。

In spite of the police brandishing their clubs and pistols，people showed not the slightest fear．
尽管警方挥动着短棍及手枪，但人们毫不畏惧。

We arrived at the station in spite of the storm．
虽然有暴风雨，我们依旧准点到达火车站。

应当在此指出的是，在现代英语里，despite和in spite of的差距已日渐缩小，很多人已将它们互换使用。

Whereas为连词
（1）(esp law 尤用于法律) taking into consideration the fact that考虑到……，鉴于……

Whereas the peoples of the colonies have been grieved and burdened with taxes...
鉴于各殖民地民众备受重税负担之苦…….

（2）(fml文)but in contrast; while 然而; 而

They want a house, whereas we would rather live in a flat.
他们想要一座房子, 而我们宁愿住在一套房间里。