翻译学基本概念

源语/译出语source language(SL), original language

译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language

原作者SL author, original author

译者(笔译者)translator

译者(口译者)interpreter

读者/接受者reader, receptor, audience

文本text

原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work

译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition

译本/译著translated text/translational work

源语读者source-language reader/SL reader

源语文化source-language culture/source culture

译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience

译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving culture

语境context

笔译written translation

口译oral interpretation/oral translation/interpreting

同声传译simultaneous interpreting 交替口译consecutive interpreting

翻译原则translation principle

标准translation criterion (复数形式为criteria)

翻译过程translation process

翻译程序/步骤translationprocedures 反应/读者翻译response/reader’s response

对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence

等值/对等equivalence

对等物(词语)equivalent 形式对等formal equivalence

功能对等functional equivalence

动态对等dynamic equivalence

等效equivalent effect

充分性adequacy

可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability)

可读性readability(readable)

可译性translatability(translatable)

不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable)

表层结构surface structure

深层结构deep structure

理解understanding/comprehension 表达expression

再现reproduction/representation

转换transformation

传译/转移transferral/transfer

误解misunderstanding

误译mis-translation

异化foreignization/alienation/exoticization / exogenization/source-oriented translation

归化domestication/naturalization/adaptati on/endogenization/target-accommod ating translation

词汇空缺lexical gap

文化沟(空缺/非对应)cultural gap

直译literal translation/direct translation

意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation

直译派a literalist/a sourcerer

意译派a free-hander/a targeteer

重复法repetition

增译法/增词法/增译amplification/addition

减译法/减词法/省略法/省译omission 词类转移法/词性转换conversion

反译法/正反译法/反正译法negation

移植法transplant(ing)/transplantation 音译法transliteration

具体化specification

概括化generalization

抽象化abstracting

明析化explicitation

译借(语义转借)calque(loan translation)

加注法annotation

夹注intratextual note

脚注footnote

尾注/文后注endnote

注释性翻译annotated/commented translation

释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase

引申法extension

替代法substitution/replacement

借用borrowing

推演法deduction

缀合法combination

分译法division

逆序法/倒置法reversing

合译法combination

综合法mixture of methods

包孕embedding

切断/分切cutting

拆离splitting-off

插入inserting

重组recasting

回译back translation

还原法finding the original

原汁原味essence of the original, original flavor

词序调整inversion

选词diction

补偿compensation

视点转换shift of perspective

套译/仿译/仿拟imitation

信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity

达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness 通顺smoothness

流畅fluency

自然naturalness /idiomaticity 雅/优美elegance/gracefulness

简洁brevity

明析clarity

简明conciseness

内涵connotation

含义implication

言外之意allocution

本文意义(文本固有之意)inherent meaning (of the text)

译者隐形translator’s invisibility

透明(度)transparency

宁信而不顺(鲁迅语) rahter to be faithful than smooth (“I’d rather be faithful than smooth”)

神似(傅雷语) spiritual resemblance 化境(钱钟书语)sublimation

信、达、切(刘重德语)faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (to the original style)

三美: 音美,形美,意美(许渊冲语)the three beauties: beauty in sound, beauty in form and beauty in meaning

东方语言Oriental languages

西方语言Occidental languages

佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra

梵语Sanskrit

鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva

泰特勒(Alexander Fraser )Tytler

奈达(Eugene A.) Nida

机器翻译machine translation(MT)

人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)

翻译translate, render, rephrase, reword, transmit, re-express,

transmute, transmogrify,

interpret, convert, transform,

transpose, express, transfer,

turn

翻译学translatology/Translation Studies

翻译体/翻译腔translationese

死译/硬译mechanical translation

逐字译word-for-word

translation/word-to-word