欧洲文化入门课后习题答案

欧洲文化入门课后习题答案:

Divisiｏｎone: Greｅk culture and Ｒoman cuｌture

希腊、罗马文化

Ⅰ、Gｒeeｋｃulture 希腊文化

1.What are theｍajor eleｍents ｉn European culｔure？

There are ｔwo mａin elｅmenｔｓ——ｔhe Ｇreco-Romａnｅlｅment anｄthｅJudeo-Ｃhｒistian elemｅnt、

2.Ｗhat ｗeｒe the main featurｅs of anciｅnt Greek sｏcieｔｙ?

IｎGｒeek soｃiety, oｎｌy adｕｌt ｍaｌe ｃｉtizｅn hａｄreａl pｏｗeｒａnd the cｉtiｚeｎｓhip waｓａsｅt ｏf rigｈｔｓｗhiｃhａmaｎinherｉted frｏm ｈiｓfather、The ecｏnomy oｆAthens resｔed on ａｎimmense amｏunt oｆsｌave labor、Ｓlaves worked foｒtheiｒmaｓt ｅrs、Ｔhe explｏiｔａtion waｓ a serious socｉal ｐroｂｌeｍ、Ｔhe Gｒeekｓloved spｏｒｔs、Ｔheｙoften toｏk part ｉn the ｃontests oｆｓpｏrtｓｉn Olｙmpus Mount，thｕs Olympic Ｇａｍes came intｏｂeｉng、

3.What ｄid Homeｒdo? Whyｉｓhe ｉmｐortａnt in tｈe history oｆＥuropean liｔer

ａturｅ？

He dｅpicｔed thｅgrｅat Greｅk men wｈoｌiveｄｉn the pｅriod 1200－1100B、C、and warｓhapｐｅning ａｔｔhａt time、Aｓan aｕｔｈｏr of eｐiｃs, ｈe empｌoyed fine lｉteｒａｒy l ａnguage ｔo desｃribe wars and men, ｅvｅｎtｈough tｈey werｅdｕll、He sｔooｄin t ｈe pｅｅｋｏｆGreek ｌｉteｒature and exｅrted a grｅat influeｎｃｅon hｉs folｌｏwers、

4.Ｗho ｗeｒe the ouｔstanding drａmatｉｓts oｆａncient Grｅｅcｅ？Whaｔimpｏ

rtant pｌaｙs ｄiｄeach of ｔheｍwrｉtｅ？

Ａeschylus，SophocleｓanｄＥurｉpideｓｗerｅｔhｒee outstanｄｉng dramatists ｏf ancｉeｎｔＧrｅece、

Aｅschｙlus：Proｍetheｕs Bouｎd, Persｉａnｓ，Agａｍemnon

Ｓoｐhocles:Oｅｄipus the King,Ｅｌectrａ, Ａntiｇｏｎe

Euripides: Aｎｄromache, Medeａ,TrojaｎＷoｍen

5.Weｒeｔhｅrｅhistorianｓthen？Wｈo wereｔhｅy？What dｉd ｅaｃh of ｔhem

wriｔｅabout?

Ｙeｓ, thｅrｅaｒe、Ｔhey ｗere Ｈeｒｏdoｔｕs andＴhucydｉｄes、

Ｈerodｏtｕs wroｔｅaｂout ｔheｗars betwｅｅn Grｅeks and Pｅrsiａns、Ｔhucydiｄes wroｔｅabout the war between Atheｎｓand Spａｒｔa anｄbｅtwｅｅn Atｈens aｎd Syrａcｕｓe、

6、Woｕld ｙou sａy tｈat philosoｐhyｗaｓhｉgｈly develｏｐｅｄtheｎ? Wｈo were ｔｈe m ａjoｒpｈilｏsｏpheｒs？

Nｏ, Iｗouｌdn’t、Because ｔhｏsｅphiloｓoｐhｉcａｌidｅas were onｌy iｄeａliｓm ｏr ｓiｍｐle materiａlism or metａｐhysｉcｓ、Ｓｏcｒatｅｓ，Ｐlaｔo ａnd Aristotｌe ｗerｅthe mａｊoｒpｈilosopherｓａt that tｉme、

7、DiｄSocrates write any ｂook? Ｈow theｎdo wｅknｏｗabｏｕt him? Whaｔｄistｉng ｕisｈed ｈｉs philoｓｏpｈy？

No，heｄｉdn’t、We knoｗSocrateｓcｈｉeflyｔhroｕgｈｗｈａt Ｐlaｔo recoｒdｅｄof him in the ｆamous Dialoguｅs written by Ｐｌato、He coｎsｉderｅd that phｉlosophy rｅsted ｗit

ｈthe dｉssｅctｏｆoneself aｎd virtue waｓｈigh wｏrth of ｌiｆe、His methodｏf ａr ｇument, ｂy qｕestioｎｓand anｓwers, was knoｗn aｓthe dｉａｌｅctical mｅｔhｏd、

8、Tｅlｌｓoｍe ｏf Platｏ’s ｉdeａｓ、Why do pｅople call him an iｄealist?

(1) Ｍen have ｋnoｗｌｅdge bｅcausｅof thｅｅｘistence of ceｒｔain geｎerａl“ideaｓ”, ｌike b ｅauty, truth, and goodness、（2) Wｅshoulｄnot look at ｔhe tｈings whichａre ｎot seen: fｏr t ｈe things whｉch are not ｓｅｅn eternal、Becauseｈe emphａsiｚeｄthｅimｐorｔance of “id ｅas” aｎd beｌieved thaｔ“thougｈｔ”ｈaｄcreated the ｗorｌd, peｏｐleｃall hｉm an idｅａli ｓｔ、

９、Iｎwhat importａnｔways waｓAｒｉstｏｔlｅｄiｆferent from Plaｔo? Whａｔaｒe ｓome of Ａriｓtotlｅ’s woｒｋs tｈat are still influｅnｔial todａy?

(1）Aｒiｓtotlｅemphasｉｚｅｄdiｒecｔobservatiｏn ｏｆnature and insiｓted that ｔheory sh ｏuld folｌow fact、Thｉs ｉs difｆerｅｎt frｏm Pｌａｔo’s ｒｅlｉａｎce ｏn suｂjｅctive thinking、(2) Ｈe thｏuｇht ｔhat “iｄea” aｎd mattｅr togｅthｅr ｍａde concrｅｔe ｉndｉviｄual realｉties in which heｄｉｆｆered ｆrｏｍPlato ｗho hｅlｄthat ｉdeas had hｉｇｈer rｅality ｔhaｎthe politicａl ｗorld、Ｈis sigｎifiｃａnt woｒks incｌｕｄes: Ethicｓ，Poｌitｉcs and Rhetoｒic、

10、Wｈｏwere soｍe oｆthe oｔhｅｒpｈiｌosopｈｅrs actiｖe iｎthat periｏd?Ｄoeｓthe ｗoｒd “Ｅｐiｃｕreaｎ” in its modern ｓense ｃoｎvｅy thｅtｒue meａning oｆthｅp ｈｉlosoｐhｙof the aｎｃｉenｔＥpicureａｎs?Ｗhat were ｔheir views on pleａｓｕre? (1）Ｔhey wｅre Hｅracleitｕe，Ｄemocｒitus，Dｉogeｎes, Ｐｙｒrhon, Ｅpｉcurus and Zeno、(２)No, it doｅsn’t、The ancient Eｐｉcuｒeaｎs belｉeved pleasure to be thｅhighesｔworth of life，buｔby pleasure tｈeｙmeａnｔ，noｔｓenｓuａl ｅnｊｏymｅnt ｂuｔthat attａined by tｈe praｃｔiｃe ｏf ｖiｒtｕｅ、But this ｉdｅa ｗａｓmisｌed by ｍodern peoｐle, ｉn their sense，the word“Epiｃｕreａｎ”ｈａs e to meａn indｕlgｅncｅiｎｌuxurｉouｓliving、

1１、Say ｓｏｍeｔｈinｇabｏuｔGrｅｅk scｕlpture, potterｙａnd ａｒｃｈｉtectｕre、What wａs the moｓt famｏｕs Ｇreek temple？Isｉt ｓtill ｔheｒe？

（１) Alｏｎg wｉｔｈthｅfｏrmatiｏn of Greeｋciviｌizatｉoｎ，Gｒeeｋsculpturｅ, pottery aｎd architecｔure gotｍany gｒeat achｉｅvemｅｎts、Grｅeks puｔｉnto woｒks of aｒt ｔhe tｈｉnｇs ｔｈey admiｒed and worshｉｐed,tｈe ｓcientiｆiｃrules ｔhey discoverｅd、Greｅｋart eｖolveｄｆrｏｍthｅaｒcｈaｉc pｅrｉｏd to thｅclassicaｌpeｒiodｗhiｃｈｍarｋｅd itｓmaturitｙ、(2) ｔhe ｍost famouｓｔemplｅwas thｅＡcｒｏpｏliｓaｔＡtｈens、(3）Yes, ｉt is stｉll ｔｈｅｒe、

12、Givｅsoｍe examｐleｓtｏsｈｏw the ｅnormous influｅｎｃe ｏf Ｇreek ｃuｌture on Ｅnglish literature、

Some ｅxampｌｅs:

(1) A Frｅudｉan term “Oediｐus plｅｘ”ｏf19tｈceｎtｕry orｉｇinating from ａGreek tｒagedy in whiｃh kiｎg Oｅdiｐｕs unkｎｏwingｌy kｉｌled his ｆathｅr ａnd ｍarｒieｄｈiｓmｏther、(2) In the early partｏf tｈe １9tｈcｅｎｔury, ｉn Ｅnｇlａｎd aｌoｎe, ｔｈreｅｙounｇRomａｎtic poetｓｅxｐrｅｓseｄｔheiｒadmirａtioｎoｆGreｅk cｕltｕｒe in ｗｏｒks whicｈhaveｔhemselves bee cｌassics：Bｙrｏn’ｓＩsle oｆGreeｃe, Shellｅｙ’ｓＨｅllａｓand PromｅtheuｓＵｎbound aｎd Keaｔs’ s Ode ｏn a ＧreciaｎUrｎ、(3) Ｉn the 20ｔhｃent ｕrｙ,there are Hｏmｅrｉc ｐaｒallels ｉn the IriｓｈmanＪａmｅs Joyｃe’s modｅｒnist ma ｓｔeｒpiecｅUlysses、

Ⅱ、Roｍan cultｕre 罗马文化

1.What did the Romaｎｈaｖe in ｍoｎｗitｈthe Greeｋs? And whaｔwas tｈe chief dｉ