四级考试中阅读理解的障碍

四级考试中阅读理解的障碍
四级考试中阅读理解的障碍

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很多考生背过四级词汇,也做过大量语法与词汇的练习题,却对四级考试的阅读理解文章读得似懂非懂,云遮雾罩,面对考试题疑团重重,不知所措。这说明英语学习中仅掌握语法和词汇是不够的,因为阅读英文时,我们除了从单词、短语、句子等语言形式上进行理解外,还需要有篇章构成知识,有按逻辑思维进行加工整理的深思维过程。由此看来,阅读理解水平是建立在语法、词汇基础上对文章进行分析、逻辑推理、获取作者要传达的信息的能力。如果没有平时的实际阅读和正确的阅读习惯,很难全面掌握英语的语言特点、英文写作的思维习惯,从而提高阅读理解水平。对于以上所提到的这些考生在

理解文章时会遇到的语言障碍主要包括下列几个方面:

1.由于对英语语言篇章构成知识了解甚少,不能正确把上下文的内容加以联系。具体表现在:

a)英文中省略结构与汉语语法区别较大,有些考生没有掌握住英语语言特点,思维中不去补充省略掉的部分,这样势必不能做出正确的反应,而影响了理解。

比如2001年6月的阅读理解文章有这样一句话:Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning than criticism. 这句话中motivates后面是有宾语的,但是,因为和on后面的宾语是同一个,所以省略掉了。如果能理解到motivates learning,就不至于感到像是这个句子话没说完。所以读英文时应瞻前顾后。

再比如:In high school I wanted to be an electrical engineering and,of course,any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college with a large engineering department,famous reputation and lots of good labs and research equipment.But that’s not what I did.如果考生把后一句理解成“那不是我所做的”,就不够清晰、明确,“做”到底是指wanted,还是chose?经过理解上一句话才能知道did 是为了避免重复而代替了chose,只有把这句话理解成“我就没这样选择”,思路才清楚、连贯。

b)考生在阅读中似乎读明白了,而实际上却找不出文章内在的关系。英语中一些名词虽然在文章中第一次出现,后面也没有修饰语,它们前面却有定冠词。这种名词往往返指前面说话的内容,对前面提到的内容进行归类、界定作者的看法。这是构成篇章的一种粘合办法,在语法中叫“返指”。

例如2001年1月试题中阅读理解的第三篇文章第一段,讲到纽约回收饮料盒,一年之内回收的数量达到

几百万,但因为很少有人知道该怎样处理它们而最终进了垃圾填埋场,接下来说:

The problem was not limited to New York.Unfortunately,there were too few uses for

second-hand plastic.

Today,one out of five plastic soda bottles is recycled in the United States.The reason for the change is that now there are dozens of companies across the country buying discarded plastic soda bottles and turning them into fence posts,paint

brushes,etc.“the change”实际上是作者对前面所说的内容进行的归类,它们分别属于“问题”和“变化”,其实也表述了作者对前面所说内容的看法。

c)英文单词往往是一词多义,要通过上下文(有时是句子,有时是段落)决定它的意思。不然,就不能理顺上下文的关系。比如2000年6月试题中阅读理解的一篇文章,讲足球世界杯比赛裁判员出现误判后,有人经研究发现,裁判做出的裁决正确与否与裁判和被裁决的事件的距离有关,与裁判员跑动的速度有关。接下来文章说:

If FIFA,football’s international ruling body,wants to improve the standard of

refereeing at the next World Cup,it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance...

有些考生就把improve the standard of refereeing误理解成“改进裁判标准”,这样一来,文章上下文就没有明显的逻辑关系,考生就没有透彻理解文章。如果能正确地理解成“改进裁判水平”,就会发现文章是完整、统一的整体。“裁判标准”和“裁判水平”有实质内容的不同。

2.英文写作有一个特点是不重复用词,(包括名词、动词、形容词)往往用多个词(包含词组)表示同一个意思(有时表达的角度不一样),这是英语写作中的一个美感。不适应这种特点的考生却感觉像文章一会儿说这一会儿说那,摸不着头脑。比如2001年1月的一篇阅读理解的文章说:

In 1993,New York State ordered stores tocharge a deposit on beverage containers.Within a year,consumers had returned millions of aluminum cans and glass and plastic bottles.

其中的beverage containers和aluminum cans and glass and plastic bottles是一回事,只不过前者是统称,后者是具体包括哪些东西。文章后面还用到了the plastic,second-hand plastic,discarded plastic soda bottles,throwaways,used materials,rubbish,disposal等,都是从不同角度、不同阶段表达的beve rage containers。这样理解起来文章的脉络就清楚了。

再比如2000年1月阅读理解试题有一篇文章讲行星有可能撞击地球时,就分别用了crash into,strike来表示“撞”,用fall表示落到地球上,还用了名词形式collision。

3.英文句子太长,找不出句子的中心词,包括不能正确判断主谓关系,动宾关系,使句子的意思含糊不清,不知所云。

例如2000年6月的阅读理解部分有这样一句话:But for many,the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.

许多考生被这句话搞得晕头转向,觉得没有生词也读不懂这样的句子。其实如果找出主语中心词the fact,谓语is,表语a huge victory,然后再去理解其它部分就容易多了。(in itself:本身)

再比如,2001年1月试题中讲回收利用饮料盒文章的最后一句话:Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution control and energy costs ofindustries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material.

正确理解这句话就要找好主谓关系、动宾关系。这句话主谓语中心词分别是recycling,stimulates,trims,两个谓语动词的宾语中心词分别是the local economy,

the pollution control and energy costs。先理解中心词的意思,再看其它部分的意思,整个句子的脉络就鲜明多了。

4.阅读时不注重上下文之间的联系,判断不出是设问句还是疑问句,搞不懂作者的写作意图。比如2000年6月试题阅读理解的第三篇文章讲美国人很高看穿工作服的人,其中有三句话说:

The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes.Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform.What easier way is there for a nurse,a policeman,a barber,or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform ?

前两句话都在讲穿工作服会赢得别人的信任。有了这个前提,就应该理解后一句话很明显是一个设问句,以强调的口吻说“没有什么比脱去工作服更让人容易失去职业身份。”

5.平时学习中对个别词的理解有误差,考试中对于似懂非懂的文章更是“雾里看花,水中望月”,不能正确获取信息。比如2000年6月的关于福利制度改革的文章最后说:

Mr Rector and others argued that once“the habit of dependency is cracked”,then the country could make other policy changes aimed at improving living standards.

考生都知道argue是“争论、争辩”之意,那么这句话如果用汉语理解成“Rector 先生和别人争辩一旦依赖别人的习惯被打破,那么国家就能做出旨在提高人民生活水平的其它政策上的变化。”就大错而特错了。因为argue后面直接跟宾语从句时表示“列举理由证明”,请看例句:

Others argue that more bus routes should be opened up because buses can accommodate more passengers.

另外一些人认为应该开辟更多的公交路线,因为公共汽车载客多。

与别人争论应该是argue with somebody,请看例句:

He argued with Mary about the best place for a holiday.

他和玛丽争论度假的最好地方。

所以原文应该理解为“Rector还有别人都想说服他人,让他们相信……”。(类似用法的词还object)

以上种种影响考生顺利通过阅读理解难关的因素,原因可以归结到不良的学习习惯中—平时没有养成良好的阅读习惯:

(1)很多考生平时总以为做练习题才是学习英语,读文章是浪费时间,是读着玩儿,所以到处找考试题做,特别习惯做语法词汇题。读文章少,没有知识的积累,不能掌握英文写作特点,没有培养出英语语感,理解上达不到质的飞跃。

(2)平时不注意阅读技巧,读文章时遇到生词就查词典,逐句翻译、逐句理解,不注重上下文联系,不注重逻辑推理,不能分清主次,不能把握文章主旨大意。不仅阅读速度很慢,还影响了阅读兴趣,读一篇文章经常半途而废。

(3)读文章时不求甚解,似懂非懂时不去追究原因,得过且过。不注意观察英语语言现象。久而久之读了文章也没有提高理解水平。

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