高低语境 跨文化交际

1 High context culture（高语境文化）：

Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high context.（在高语境文化中，在人们交际时，有较多的信息量或者蕴涵在社会文化环境和情景中，或者内化于交际者的心中；相对地讲，明显的语码则负载较少的信息量。这也意味着，在强交际环境文化的人们对微妙的环境提示较为敏感。）

2 Low context culture（低语境文化）：

Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the context because the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low context. （在低语境文化中，交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载，相对地讲，只有少量的信息蕴涵在隐性的环境和情景中。这也意味着，在低语境文化中的人们习惯用语言本身的力量来进行交际。）

3General Introduction to High-context and Low-context Cultures Anthropologist Edward T. Hall’s theory of high- and low-context culture helps us better understand the powerful effect culture has on communication. A key factor in his theory is context. This relates to the framework, background, and surrounding circumstances in which communication or an event takes place.

High-context cultures (including much of the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and South America) are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. This means that people in these cultures emphasize interpersonal relationships. Developing trust is an important first step to any business transaction. According to Hall, these cultures are collectivist, preferring group harmony and consensus to individual achievement. And people in these cultures are less governed by reason than by intuition or feelings. Words are not so important as context, which might include the speaker’s tone of voice, facial expression, gestures, posture—and even the person’s family history and status.

A Japanese manager explained his culture’s communication style to an

American: ―We are a homogeneous people and don’t have to speak as much as you do here. When we say one word, we understand ten, but here you have to say ten to understand one. High-context communication tends to be more indirect and more formal. Flowery language, humility, and elaborate apologies are typical.

Low-context cultures (including North America and much of Western Europe) are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented. People from low-context cultures value logic, facts, and directness. Solving a problem means lining up the facts and evaluating one after another. Decisions are based on fact rather than intuition. Discussions end with actions. And communicators are expected to be straightforward,

concise, and efficient in telling what action is expected. To be absolutely clear, they strive to use precise words and intend them to be taken literally. Explicit contracts conclude negotiations. This is very different from communicators in high-context cultures who depend less on language precision and legal documents. High-context business people may even distrust contracts and be offended by the lack of trust they suggest.

3 Cross-cultural tips

不同语境文化的三个语言表达特点：

（一）言外之意

我们首先注意到是言语中传情达意成分的多寡。此处的传意成分不同于信息量：如果说信息量是指言语所传递的信息多寡的话，那么传意成分则偏重于信息背后的―意，即那一点点的言外之意。

（二）长话短听

其次是言语交际中的用语量大小。人们可能会以为，低语境文化的言语交际全靠话语的字面意义来传递信息，因此人们在交际时就不得不使用更多的词语、更长的句子。其实不然。正如我们在前面所提到的，来自低语境文化的人倾向于使用传意成分高的词语，在遣词用字方面讲求精确、直接、不拐弯抹角，每一个词都能起到其实际的传意效果，因此他们的用语量并不大。反观高语境文化。由于人们使用的是传意成分偏低的言语表达方式，词语附带的理解价值也就相对较低，因此人们可能得讲上好几个回合，兼用婉曲、双关甚至反语，才能间接勾勒出其言的理解背景。

（三）―面子问题

再者，对社会地位和面子问题的考虑，也是高语境文化中不可或缺的重要部分。对于来自低语境文化的美国人、德国人来说，直接提出质问和提出异议，是解决问题的最佳方式。在他们看来，直接是对事不对人，因此不存在尊重与否的问题。