必修四Unit 4 Body Language---grammar

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V-ing形式做定语
现在分词及其短语可以在句子中作定 语,其作用相当于一个定语从句。其 动作和谓语动词同时发生,与其修饰 词之间是主动关系,也就是说现在分 词的动作就是它修饰的那个词的动作。
1.现在分词作定语时的位置
(1) 单个的现在分词作定语时多置于它所修饰的 名词之前;分词短语用于它所修饰词的后面。 例如: He is a(n) attacking player. 他是一个 攻击型的 运动员。 They lived a room facing the north thirty years ago. 三十年前,他住在一个 朝北的 房间里。
现在分词表进行意味和主动意味,因此,用现 在分词作定语时,其表示的动作是与谓语动词 同时发生的,或是正在发生的动作。例如: The man running over there is our chairman. = The man who is running over there is our chairman. 正在朝那边跑的那个人是我们主席。
Generally speaking, girls are more interested in literature than boys. 一般来说,女孩比男孩更喜欢文学。 Judging from her accent, she must from Arabian countries. 听她的口音,她肯定来自阿拉伯国家。
generally speaking 一般来说 strictly speaking 严格来说 roughly speaking 大致来说 broadly speaking 广义上来说 narrowly speaking 狭义上来说 judging from/ by 由...判断 considering 考虑到 frankly speaking 坦率地说 personally speaking 就个人而言 supposing 如果
V-ing 形式做状语
• • • • • • • 1. 做时间状语 2. 做原因状语 3. 做条件状语 4. 做让步状语 5. 表示方式或伴随情况 6. 做结果状语 7. 评论性状语
1. 做时间状语
V-ing形式做时间状语,相当于一 个时间状语从句,几乎每个V-ing短语 作时间状语时,都可以转变为一个时 间状语从句。
被动关系
1. The meeting held last week is very important.
主动关系
2.Tell the children playing there not to make so much 主动关系 noise. 3. They lived in a room facing the south.
1现在分词作状语与谓语动词时间关系
(1)现在分词表示的动作和谓语动词 表示的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生, 分词用一般形式V-ing。例如: He ran up to her breathing heavily. 他气喘吁吁的跑到她面前。
(2) 当V-ing所表示的动作先发生,而谓 语动词的动作后发生时,用V-ing的完 成时。 Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema. 这电影他已看过两遍,他不想去看了。
• • • • • •
巧学助记: 分词作状语,主语是问题 逗号前后两动作,共用一主语 主语找出后,再来判关系 主动用ing,被动用ed Having done 表先后,千万要牢记
现在分词与过去分词区别
两者之间的区别主要体现在时态和语态上: (1)在时态上:现在分词表示正在进行, 而过去分词表示已经完成。例如:
Unit 4 Body Language
Grammar V-ing form as Attribute and Adverbial 现在分词做定语和状语
现在分词( Present Participle ,又称 ing 形式、现在进行式 ) ,由动词原形 +ing 形式组成。具有双重性,一面具有 动词的特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语; 另一面具有形容词和副词的特征,可以 充当表语,定语,状语,补足语,可以 表示主动或正在进行的动作,是非谓语 动词的一种。
Climbing to the top of the hill, we saw a beautiful view. =When we climbed the top of the hill, we saw a beautiful view. 爬上山顶后我看到了一幅美丽的景象。 Hearing the news, she burst into tears. = When she heard the news, she burst into tears.
(2) 如 现 在 分 词 修 饰 由 s o m e / a n y / n o + thing/body/one 所形成的不定代词或指示代 词those时,分词在这些被修饰词的后面。 例如: Anyone swimming will be punished. 正在游泳的 任何人都将受到惩罚。
2. 现在分词作定语时与谓语动词的时间关系
4. 做让步状语
V-ing 做让步状语时,相当于一个让步 状 语 从 句 , 有 时 V-ing 可 带 有 连 词 although, whether, even if, even though。 Knowing all this, I still want to see it for myself. =Although I know all this, I still want to see it for myself.
被动关系
4. I hate to see letters written in pencil.
练习
1. Mrs.White showed her students some old maps ______ from the library. A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing 2. For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _____ on his own farm. A. grown B. being grown C. to be grown D. to grow 3. There is a great deal of evidence _______ that music activities engage different parts of the brain. A. indicate B. indicating C. to indicate D. to be indicating 4. With the government’s aid, those _____ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements. A. affect B. affecting C. affected D. were affected
3、如果一个及物动词作定语,既要 表达进行意味,又要表达被动意味 时,可用现在分词的被动语态。
例如: being done The meeting being held is very important. 正召开的会议很重要。 The skyscraper being built is higher than that built the last year. 正在建的那幢摩天大楼比去年建的那幢还高。
2. 做原因状语
V-ing做原因状语,相当于一个原因状语从句, 同时可以转化为一个原因状语从句。 Not knowing her address, I might as well as telephone her to come over. = Because/ Since I didn't know her address, I might as well as telephone her to come over. 由于不知道她的地址,我只好打电话让她过来。
2、现在分词作状语时,现在分词 的动作就是句子主语的动作。因此, 句子主语与现在分词之间是主动关 系。
I run out of the house shouting. 我喊叫着跑出屋来。
3、有些现在分词作状语时,其前 可用after, before, since, when, while, whenever, once, until, on, as等词。
5. 表示方式或伴随情况
V-ing 短语表示方式或者伴随情况是比 较常用的,用来说明动作发生的背景 或情况。一般情况下,V-ing 所表示的 动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发 生。它没有相应的状语从句可替换, 但可以用并列句来转换。
Mary lay on the grass, staring at the sky. =Mary lay on the grass and stared at the sky. 玛丽躺在草地上,望着天空。
• The music is exciting. V-ing做表语 • China is a developing country. V-ing做定语 • The teacher came in smiling. V-ing做状语 • We heard her singing in her room. V-ing做宾语补足语
6. 做结果状语 V-ing 短语作结果状语时,不常 用,通常放在句末,中间有逗号, 有时为了突出结果,V-ing 前带 有thus. His parents died, leaving him an orphan. 他的父母死了,他成了孤儿。
7. 评论性状语
有些惯用的V-ing 短语在句中中可以没 有逻辑上的主语而独立存在,它们往 往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句, 表面说话者的态度观点等。我们称这 种状语为评论性状语或评注性状语。
China is a developing country,while America is a developed one.
(2)在语态上:现在分词表示主动;而 过去分词表示被动。 总之,现在分词表主动、进行; 过去分词表被动、完成。 在句法功能上它们都可以作定语和状语,它 们的具体区别如下:
1、作定语时 取决于分词与被修饰词的关系: 主动关系或主谓关系用 doing 被动关系或动宾关系用 done
2.作状语时
1).分词的选取:取决于分词与句子主语的关系:
主动关系,用 doing
被动关系,用 doneቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
被动关系
例如:
Seen from the moon, the earth looks like a blue ball.
Seeing nobody at home , he left.
主动关系
练习: 1. It rained heavily in the south,_____serious flooding in several provinces. A.caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause 2 ___the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height. A.Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approached 3. ____at my classmates„ faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes. A. Looking B. Look C. To look D. Looked
3. 作条件状语
V-ing短语有时候表示一种假设的情况,相 当于一个条件从句。有时在V-ing短语前加 上 if 或 unless,使条件更明确。 Working hard at your lessons, you are to succeed. =If you work hard at your lessons, you are to succeed.
After talking to you, I always fell better. 和你谈过话后我总感觉好一些。
4. 现在分词的否定式是在现在分词的 前面加not。
Not recognizing the voice, he refused to give the person his address. 因为没听出这个人的声音,他没把自己 的地址给他。
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