高考英语阅读理解解题技巧(词义猜测题)

2010年高考阅读理解词义猜测题解题技巧

猜词悟义是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。

一、题型特点与命题方式

此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句义题。因为猜测词组、句义题涉及题材背景、句子结够、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜测力度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。

【命题趋势】

1、要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。

2、要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。

3、代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用“逻辑关系梳理法”、“递向寻踪法”理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。

【设问形式】

The underlined word “…” in the second(third…) paragraph refers to(means) ______.

By saying “…” in the first(second…) paragraph, the author means that ______.

In paragraph …, “…” can be replaced by “______”.

The meaning of “…” in paragraph… is related to ______.

Which of the fo llowing has the closest meaning to…(paragraph…)?

The underlined sentence in the … paragraph probably means that _____.

二、解题思路与应试技巧

做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。

下面结合近几年高考试题，对猜词悟义的技巧加以解读。

1、根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测

有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：

Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.

句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即“退火”。

It will be very hard but also very brittle —that is, it will break easily.

从后面that is(也就是说)的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。

The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.

定语从句中looks after sheep 就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧羊人”。

【考例】

（2009福建卷，E篇）73. The underlined words “tipping points” most probably refer to “_______”.

A. freezing points

B. burning points

C. melting points

D. boiling points

【解析】C。请看原文：In his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to keep the world from reaching extremely important tipping points, such as the melting

（融化）of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica. 根据后一句的such as the melting（融化）of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica.可知tipping points的意思是“融点”。

（2007山东卷，C篇）65.The underlined word “daunting” in Paragraph 1 most probably means __________.

A. discouraging

B. interesting

C. creative

D. unbearable

【解析】A。请看文章第一段：When Andrea Peterson landed her first teaching job, she faced the daunting task of creating a music program with almost no money for equipment or supplies in a climate where standards-based learning was the focus and music just provided a break for students and teachers.

由后半句的解释“…with almost no money for equipment or supplies…”可知此项任务不可能是“interesting”或“creative”，而她的教学工作也与“unbearable”无关，故A项正确。

2、根据同位关系进行猜测

阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：

They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle, a large building in old times.

同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了castle 的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。

We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 a.m.—this week.

两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。

The “Chunnel”, a tunnel(隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.

此句中a tunnel connecting England and France是Chunnel的同位语。因此，The “Chunnel”就是英法之间的海底隧道。

【考例】

（2004上海卷，C篇）82. The word “favouritism” in paragraph 3 is used to describe the phenomenon that________.

A. bright children also need certificates go get satisfying jobs.

B. children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobs

C. poor children with certificates are favoured in job markets

D. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success

【解析】B。请看原文：Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them—a form of favourtism will replace equality.

破折号后的句子是对前面进行解释说明的，二者是同位关系，因此要猜测favourtism的意思可从前面句子的意思入手。答案为B。

3、根据构词法（合成、派生、转化等）进行猜测

在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：“O ur parties are aimed for children 2 to 10,” Anaclerio said, “and they’re very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”

文中interactive是由前缀inter-(相互的)和active（活动的，活跃的）而构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。

Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred?

possibility 是possible 的同根名词，据此可以判断定possibility 意思是“可能性”。

【考例】

（2008全国卷I，B篇）62. The underlined word “fixture” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to