中国侠义精神与西方骑士精神之比较

题目：中国侠义精神与西方骑士精神之比较院系：外国语学院
专业：英语
申请学位：文学学士
ABSTRACT
As the culture spirit abstracted from folk literary works, Chinese chivalrous spirit and western knight spirit have historically been popular in labouring people. Both sides of comparison between them. Such as being martial and gusty, veracious and faithful, equal and justicial. However, Chinese chivalrous men were considered to be offender of the social and ideologies. Comparing differences in the thought of social status, the relationship between development of destiny and the system, can be more profound understanding of Chinese martial arts novels of chivalry culture and the extensive development.
This paper used the existing research of domestic and international authoritative scholars and a lot of Chinese and foreign data to elaborate the meaning of the two masculine culture. This paper is based on the stories and the characters in Chinese and foreign famous literary works, aiming to make us more deeply understand the connotation of the two kinds of spirit. Thus, we can incorporate things of diverse nature and legitimation construction process by advocating chivalrous actions. Keywords : Chivalrous, knight spirit, comparison , faith, legal society.
摘要
作为从文学作品中抽象出来的文化精神，以侠客和骑士为代表的中国侠义和西方骑士精神在历史上都曾为受苦受难的大众所景仰。

双方有很多的共同信念，而这些信念构成了它们之间比较的基础，比如尚武轻死，重诺守信，公平正义。

然而，它们一个是“以武犯禁”的社会秩序的破坏者，一个是笃信上帝的卫道士，一个是受尽打压的民间精神，一个是王公贵族的崇高理想。

他们在意识形态，行
为方式，价值取向和组织形式上均存在重大差异，而且它们的起源，形成和发展从一个方面解释了东西方两种文化传统的相似和不同。

本文利用国内外权威学者已有的研究成果和大量的中外文资料，以《水浒传》《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》等中外著名文学作品中的人物和故事为背景，阐述了中国侠义精神和西方骑士精神两种相似的阳刚文化，旨在使我们更深刻地认识两种精神的内涵，从而做到兼收并蓄，互相学习，并且希望通过倡导侠义行为推动我国精神文明和法治化建设进程。

关键词：侠义；骑士精神；比较；信仰；法治社会
目录
1引言.............................................................. 2文献综述..........................................................
2.1国内外研究成果................................................
2.2 前人研究的局限性和发展趋势...................................
3 中国侠义精神与西方骑士精神之比较..................................
3.1二者的共同点..................................................
4.1.1 尚武轻死.............................................
4.1.2 重诺守信..............................................
3.1.3 公平正义................................... ..........
3.2二者的不同点............................
3.2.1 反叛性与依附性的差别...................................
3.2.2 对女性和爱情的不同态度...................................
3.2.3 延续和衰败的不同命运.....................................
4 二者对法治社会的意义..............................
4.1.1 侠义精神对法治的意义.....................................
4.1.2 骑士精神对法治的意义......................................
5 结语............................................................
6 参考文献
Table of Contents
Ⅰ Introduction........................................................................................... Ⅱ Literature Review..................................................................................
2.1 Achievement of Previous study at home and abroad.....................
2.2 Limitation and development tendency............................................ ⅢComparison of Chinese Chivalrous Spirit and Western Knight Spirit............................. ............................................
3.1 The commonality of the two spitits............................................
3.1.1 Being martial and daredevil......................................
3.1.2 Being veracious and faithful......................................
3.1.3 Being equal and justicial.....................................
3.2 The discrepancies of the two spirits......................................
3.2.1 The differences of rebellious spirit and anaclitic spirit.........
3.2.2 The different attitude to women and love......................
3.2.3The different fate of continuity and decline............................
Ⅳ The significances of the two different spirits to the modern society...
4.1The significances of chinese chivalrous spirit to law................
4.2The significances of western kinght spirit to law...................... Ⅴ Conclusion..........................................................................................
Comparison of Chinese Chivalrous Spirit and
Western Knight Spirit
I Introduction
Chivalrous spirit is the gem of ancient Chinese culture. Ancient Chinese chivalrous men often were eccentric and independent in mind and action, but deeply conscious of the righteousness of a cause. They also believed the universal love advocated by the ancient philosopher MoZi. Their chivalrous actions were admired and praised. About the emergence of the chivalrous men,it can be traced back to the pre-qin dynasty. Righteousness is an important part of traditional idea which was based on the moral values Confusion had advocated. Although understanding of righteousness varied with each individual, it has been a good content. When the valiant's force had been attached to the righteousness ,chivalrous spirit made easy to constitute our traditional culture. What's more, it produced profound influences on the shaping of our national character.
Knight spirit originated the north Germanic tradition.due to the barbaric and sordid living conditions, the war which was on the purpose of plundering between two different tribes took place frequently. At this moment, knight became the private
group to declare war independently. They pledged loyalty to his lord and protected him by fighting and plundering others for him. Through long-term development, knight class became the backbone of their times. Middle age was a knights' era which was occupied by chivalrous culture and knight spirit. Knight spirit was the ethical norms which the medieval knight aristocracies only had. It consisted of heroism, generosity,loyalty and honor first. Knight spirit not only constituted the mainstream of medieval culture,but also played an important role in the formation of modern western spiritual civilization.
Comparing different in the thought of social status, the attitude to love and women, the relationship between development of destiny and their system can be more profound understanding of the two spirits' cultural origin. This comparative study on the two spirits is of great advantage to our socialist spiritual civilization construction.
II Literature Review
2.1 Achievement of Previous study at home and abroad
With regard to the research on knight, Leo·Brandy ,the winner of Guggenheim scholars prize ,gave an elaborate account about the relationship between the knight spirit from the different views of war, history and literature in his book called From the knight spirit to terrorism :War and change of masculinity .The domestic studies on knight spirit also emerged a number of outstanding monograph and thoughtful thesises. Related papers written by professor ZhuWeiqi have been published in shan’xi people press (2004), medieval knight spirit emphatically analyzed the role of this spirit in the forming process of religion. In the cultural field of martial arts, professor WangLi, Chinese literatural doctor of northeastern university described fully 1990s’Chinese swordsmen historical works. Professor HanYunbo who was
titled “NO.1 in mainland martial art research”, successively wrote and edited 11 books independently. In addition, he also published more than 200 papers and literatural reviews, analyzing the historical culture and literary form of Chinese chiralry. For these achievements, he is regarded as the strong advocator and promoter for the new concept of mainland new-version knight-errant. There are a lot of scholars have also put the two similar culture together to study and compare. For instance, lin Huzhaopeng, the member of research of institute of modern Chinese Poetry, wrote the comparison between the knight-errant culture and knight culture.In his paper, the similarities and differences between the two spirits are analyzed from different core values of their spirits. And the analyses of this thesis have had some help to a better understanding of these two precious spiritual cultures.
2.2 Limitation and development tendency
Overall, the comparative researches on the two similar cultures are rare at home as well as abroad. For many reasons, the researches on the chivalry culture have many prejudices and misunderstandings at abroad. Just as bad it that the domestic researches on knight spirit are also in its infancy. No matter how hard the comparative study on the two spirits is, we have academic obligation to compensate the inaccuracies in this field. With the deepening of globalization, the mutual penetration of chivalry and knight spirit in Chinese and western culture is making the comparative studies on the two spirits become new focus in the crowd of scholars. Through using the method of literature, interdisciplinary and investigation, this comparative study promises a pleasant prospect.
ⅢComparison of Chinese Chivalrous Spirit and Western Knight Spirit
3.1 The commonality of the two spirits
3.1.1 Being martial and daredevil
For from the creators of the imperial dynasty Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, to near Qing, most of the great emperors in ancient Chinese history all had the normal martial spirit. In ancient times, martial arts as distinctive form occupied a very important position in the field of Chinese traditional literature. The combination of literature and martial arts has spawned the unique chivalrous literature with Chinese characteristics. Many classical novels, such as All Man Are Brothers,Seven Heroes and Five Gallants all presented vivid description of the chivalrous men well as the historical facts which can reflect the ideal warriors in people’s mind, Wu Song, Lu zhishen and Bai yutang. The characters in these novels are wildly known in china. But from the Modern history, the Chinese people have become lack of the military spirit. What we paid attention to was how to win enemies by virtue and spent much time to practice the soft kill. And we thought that tolerance was great, even sometimes, we used the “paper tiger” to frighten our enemies. It is these thoughts that resulted in our humiliation in modern history; It is also this humiliation told us that people who was more warlike also easily succeeded by decisive decision-making. Fortunately, Mao Zedong, the leader of our new country, was undoubtedly the most military hero in Modern china. Mao advocated “Political power grows out of the barrel of gun” and mentioned that his philosophy was “fighting philosophy”. The reason why the new-style swordsmen novels appeared in the 1950s in mainland remain popular for decades is that these novels did not only describe the chivalrous spirit vividly but also the core values of these book satisfied people’s spiritual needs at that time. A man can not miss when we talked about the chivalrous literature. His pen name is JinYong whose writing continued to be very influential. The characters and stories in his books stroked root in the hearts of people, even many his books were reversion into dramas and movies which won poplar support. Here, we take an example from one of his book named The semi-god, the semi-devil which was called TianLongBaBu. The main hero in this book called xiaofeng who has been practicing wushu since childhood and become well-versed in kungfu. But he still helped his friend at all costs. Finally he sacrificed himself for the righteousness of his country, which attained the lofty realm of Chinese chivalrous thought.
The similar is true that, German were also warlike in history which was widely known all over the world. Even the roman looked then as the uncivilized people. Flipping through the book of world history, you will find that the martial spirit provided this nation with the great power to get them rich and strong. German believed war and plundering should be a noble career and people who were brave to fight and wounded most in battle should be respected, even someone thought: “the destruction of west rome have inevitable connection weth the german mercenary. In fact, “Germanic”the initial meaning of this word is featsome fighter.So in the western knight spirit, being valorous and militant is paramout. This creed wai wholely spred partly because these qualities were necessary condition for a man to survive when tribal conflicts arrived. So, in knights’life, martial match was another inportant exercise which became the core thing as same as war, hunting through continuous development and change. Brave knight can be found in numberous novels in western history. One of famous novel written by walter·scotter was Ivanhoe in which the hero ivanhoe was depicted as the embodiment of chivalry. From his appearance to final return, being a highly skilled in military drill, he went to protect his lord regardless of his personal safty, One more example, the masterpiece Chanson de Roland was the formative influence on later chansons de geste, which in turn influenced literature throughout europe. The knight Roland still chose to sacrificed fou glory rather than go down his knees in surrender knowing the danger lies ahead.
In conclusion, chivalrous culture and the knight spirit share the connon core value that is both martial and daredevil. The two spirits both are male culture which is full of vigor dan courage. The chivalrous men dan knight both will see injusitices on the road and draw their swords to help the victims. The weo kinds of spirit live in
different humane enviroments, but both are colorful and unique in their respective cultural fields.
3.1.2 Being veracious and faithful
Trustworthiness is the internal requirement for harmonious society as well as the basic moral standard for the market economic. We must keep faith before associating with others. However , to keep normal and harmonious personal relation, all of us should follow the principle of veracious coexistence. Two people can never become the intimate friend if they are not willing to share their real ideas with each other. An old saying in our country goes :" a word once spoken out cannot be taken back even by a team of horses ." It means that what is said cannot be unsaid . Chivalrous men belonged to the class of gentleman since ancient times, the chivalrous men could go to their death like a hero just for what they said before. The classical stories happened in history can be easily given, but "the emperor and the assassination " came to be first one which was widely known in our life. Jingke ,the native people of Yan state which had been under attacking by strong Qin state. He was introduced by TianGuang to Dan, the crown prince of Yan. Dan was a friend of zheng(who later become to QinShihuang) When they were both hostages in the state of zhao. When Dan eacaped from zhao back to Yan. Qin's army moved toward the border with Yan .Yan's army was too weak to fight off the army of Qin. Instead of going to battle ,Dan consulted with TianGuang on a course of action, and decided to assassinate the king of Qin. TianGuang who was a friend of Jingke, recommended him to Dan to carry out the assassination. Off onto his mission,at the river of YI, Jingke repeatedly shouted out this important pome after a cup of wine with friends:" Piercing wind freezing river of YI. The hero fords and he never returns". The
herosim ,which reflects the general ideology of the society at that time, it also reflects the chivalrous men's honesty. They may go to glory death for what he said to his friends.
In western knight literary works, the knight spirit which advocateed the value of honesty played very important role in shaping process of European national character. It constituted the so-called "gentlemen way" in western nation, forming the voracious behaviour and honest habits of modern Europe. The stories about this spirit are also enumerate in western literary work. In" King Arther",the famous knight lancelot, is the representative figure of keeping promises. When he was esteemed as King Arthur's guest of honour, the rest of the knights of Round Table expressed their displeasure. So Lancelot made a promise with them. He set a deadline which he had only one year and a day to prove his courage and mercy. And then, he set out to put away the evil Jazz and fierce dragon, defeated 50 thieves, killed two giants, and finally returned before the deadline expired. His keeping promise made himself become King Arthur's greatest knight. As king arthur said :" God uses people like Lancelot. Because his heart is open. He hold nothing back. He gives all of himself."
e can find some common core values o
f the two spirits from the above stories. Bein
g veracious and daredevil is the essence of bot
h Chinese chivalrous culture and western knight culture. It is the similarities that constitutes the foundation of this study on this two spirits.
3.1.3 Being equal and justicial
Many people came to know the chivalrous spirit can chivalrous men by reading swordsmam fiction whose most inpressive part was kind of chivalrous feelings. These men always traind themselves with extraodinary power as well as the gracious morality. The basic idea of chivalrous spirit was to uphold justice for common people.
So most people in our traditional society respectd for valiants and their spirit, but in ancient times, the main force to protect and maintain the traditional society operate well was the national insititution which represented the imperial authrority. Meanwhile, for the traditional reasones that the monarchy was to protect the right “ the home world”,the law at that particular time had its own flaws and shortcomings at the level of bindicatingthe justice. The chivalrous men came into being naturally to adapt the temporal situation when the officials shielded each other. The “false law”carried out by official trialing themselves eroded the fair soil of the civil society. The society also needed a kind of power to protect the civil social justice. So the chivalrous spirit which camefrom the people for protecting people emerged as the times demanded. Most chivalrous men who were described in novels as hghly martial hero came and went without a trace. They ofen robbed the rich to give the poor without being arrested by official, it was the reason why people admired them as their saviour. The vhivalrous men took advantage of the civil thoughts and public opinion to generare the power so as to awaken the public and safeguard the social fairness and justice.
In history, the western knights can not fully implement the justice because of their own class status. Afer all, medieval europe was the era of divine right of kings. King’s will was god’s will which can never disobey. While the knight wsa only subsidiary of the king. Of course, “some rebels”against the authority always existed ineach dynasty. For example, an innocent person ever sentenced to death in germany.
A medieval teutonic knight the was dissatisfied with the unjust verdict of his country’s law decided to risk universla condemnation to break into the jail and rescue the prisoner. This knight was ready to give his life for the equality of justice. Even today, a museum in Germany retained the statue of this knight to ler the future generation pay their respects to him. Ah, we have all wintnessed thet history would five him a fair evaluation for the things about justice sooner or later. Today, this knight has veen duly rewarded. The knight spirit for the justice would ve learnt by generation and feneration. As the oath of the knights of the Round Table in novel King Arthur said :“ my noble warriors, let us make a vow together. We only fight for
fairness and justice ,not for wealth, and never fight for selfish reason. We should help all people who need help. We have to support each other. We should treat the weak fentle, but only to punish evil.
Thus, chinese chivalrous spirit can western knight spirit both looked the fairness and justice as their goals and pursuits. They shared the opinion:fariness and justice are the basic norm to coordinate the relationship of all levels of our society.
3.2 The discrepancies of the two spirits
3.2.1 The differences of rebellious spirit and anaclitic spirit
Before we studied on the differences between chivalrous spirit dan knight spirit, we must understand what kind of the role they played in their respedtive social system. That was we called the class ststus. The different interests they represented resulted in different views: the chivalrous men in our society standed for the revellin while the knight in western country represented the “loyalty”.
Chivalrous spirit was deeply rooted in the uncultivate land, also called jianghu which has ingrained folk culture. This was a kond of culture totally different from the noble culture, even to some extent, it can be identifen as a confrontation compared with the orthdox culture. The chivalrous men depended on their own independent world. “JiangHu”was in their hearts. The survival rules of JiangHu were antagonistic to the ruler since they were born. Chivalry shared many common values with the monism, they both did not pay much attention to money and never go down their knees to the authority. The reason why they did so lies in that both of them depended on the populace who were the strong defender for the benefit of the small producer and the industry. This thought established a new school in ancient esthetic thought. Loyalty was sedimentary deposits in terms of the Chinese character in traditional culture, but they would raise the standard of revolt and led many their brothers to join the rest peasant uprising when their own benefits had been damaged. That's the only way to put the scattered vulnerable groups together so as to defend their own interests. Valiant spirit with rebel attitude usually increased the chance of collision against the traditional culture, which deeply was rooted in the confusion culture. So for the ruler always had no patience with it. Therefore,the authority
believed that :"valiant violated the discipline through their martial arts". They had the unique charm when they resisted the government by virtue of the strong personal spirit. That's why the valiant often became the idols of the refined scholars. Since ancient times,the number of literati with beautiful words praised over the chivalrous spirit, many people have been extolling the beauty of its notes. Speaking of the representative of the valiant, the first man we could easily think of was the "Black Whirlwind", the nickname of the hero LiKui. He came on the stage a little bit late as the main dramatic character in this novels, but he showed his rebel spirit as quick as he appeared. "rebelling is resonable " was his faith. Long ago before he was driven to go to mountain Liang, the fire of insurgence in his heart has already sprouted. For example, this can be seen from his attitude to the bolshy poem his brother SongJiang chanted. He said :" chanting fuck bolshy poem was nothing serious, but the worst thing should be that the officials were the people who really wanted to conspire against the state. As early as he arrived in mountain Liang, he pronounced :" revolting was just a piece of cake for us, we should fight toward the capital and kill the damn emperor. Then we would control everything and do really what we want do". It was this kind of rebellious spirit that made many people like him, it was also this kind of spirit that established the foundation of our traditional values.
Original valiant was a unit in his own name, while the western knights are a kind of military system for units in group. So, the gap between them produced at this time because the western knights were inclined to be altruism. The royalty and many nobles in western countries all related by blood. In the people's minds, they set the royalty and noble high above the masses, and willingly submitted their ruler. In middle age, most western countries were the feudal system of monarchy whose was integration of religion and politics. Sometimes, even the king's decision must get the pope 's acknowledgement. Just because of this, the western knights must depended on the feudal monarchy which endowed their tights and reputation. The system of knights established under the condition that it adapted to the development of feudal economic, so the knight culture was the most important component part of church culture which played a basic role in medieval age. Everything about knights have been guaranteed and normalized by its system which was analogous to the form of
law. And then, this complete set of system socialized the relationship betweem knights and people from all walks of life. In addition, it also spreaded a kind of sacred religious colouring on itself . A model knight in middle age, Price whose motto was definited as " God, i serve you all my life". Don quixote affected deeply by the medieval knight spirit. He did everything with a faith to never waver in his determination to an eternal object. Don also was willing to scarified and paid any prices for his faith. As can be seen from above examples, pious conviction to the church proved to be knights' spiritual backbone. Defending for his church and faith turned into the major task for the knights. One of famous case we can think of must be the crusades. The Crusades in 1096 to 1291 occurred in six religious general of military operation from western Europe , Christian(catholic) countries of the eastern Mediterranean countries launched the war. When Muslim holy city of Jerusalem fell into the hands of the majority of the crusades against Muslim,the knight army group played a necessary part in the process of defeating the Islam. The knights were a group of men who never asked their ruler why they did so but only obey their command. Accepting and executing an order are knights' everlasting task and mission.
To sum up, Chinese chivalrous men were a group of people who had the spirit of resistance, while the western knights were loyal to the sovereign and devoted to the country. Chivalrous men were independent in mind at cation because they never subordinated any organizations. However,the knights themselves occupied the part of the dominant position, belonging to the ruling class . So they never led an uprising to resist and damage their own benefits unless the exception were made. The chivalrous men emphasize on the personal action. They endowed rights and freedom with themselves regardless of the ruling from the authority. Western knight behaviour was social and their main duty was to defend for their motherland. Patriotism and nationalism have been the index and guide for their action. In a word, western knights accepted the leadership and command of the monarchy, but Chinese chivalrous men did not so.
3.2.2 The different attitude to women and love
On attitude of regarding female and love, it was quite different between western knights and Chinese chivalrous experts. First of all, we should recognize and analysis the attitude based on different background and traditional values.
It was quite complex for Chinese chivalrous expert to treat females and love. The lack of female in the emperial world in early times reflected traditional Chinese social circumstance where man was prior to women. At the bottom of it, it was influenced by Chinese confusion culture---"Brothers such as brothers, the wife be like clothes. The clothes break ,can be stitched up; brothers break, how can be continuous". In a word, men have their wen dignity. Actually, there were many romantic love in Chinese novel about chivalry(e.g. Hongfu elope with LiJing), but it was more common that the love only to let off his or her shameless sexual decisive. For instance,the adultery between PanJinlian and XiMenqing. The same love was prised in western countries ,such as Lancelot and her lover, would be condemned in china. Until old swordsman fiction came into being, the moving love were depicted. The love in new novels about chivalry made readers enchanted. The legend of condor hero described the touching love between YangGuo and little LongNv. It had successfully portrayed many vivid characteristics. As to other chivalrous swordsmen, we should analysis them in specific ways. While gentlemen would not do such things just like immoral sexual relationships, let along cavaliers carried on a clandestine love affairs with many ladies.
Knights' love first appeared France, so the writer rated it as the background information and pointed out that from the late 11th century to the 12th century, the economic boom and political stability have made great contribution to the development of knights' love. Some cavaliers who did not have the right of inheritance can only be served in the army and have been influenced by the luxurious life in the castle, at the same time, they may have many opportunities to contact with some ladies. So it made cavaliers more politeness and emotional to these ladies. To pursue a lady had settled the fashion for the generation because lady was the symbol of wealth, status and honourable breeding. Both cavaliers and ladies have greatly influenced by the romantic love. The characteristics of the courtly love have been。