朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》课后习题详解(英国文化 英国历史)【圣才出品】

第2章英国历史

I.Explain each of the following in English.

1.King Harold

【答案】The Saxon king who was defeated and killed at the Battle of Hastings in 1066,when the French-speaking Normans under William the Conqueror invaded England from France.

2.Alfred the Great

【答案】He was a fine Saxon king who successfully defeated the invading Danes.

3.King Arthur

【答案】(1)He was the king of England in the sixth century.(2)Little was known about him,except that he was associated with Corn-wall and is the central figure of many legends about him and his Knights of the Round Table.

4.The Magna Carta

【答案】(1)The Magna Carta(or Great Charter)was a document signed in1215by King John under compulsion by the powerful barons.

(2)The purpose of the Charter was to make King John to recognize the rights of the barons.

(3)The Magna Carta is now in the British Museum,London.

5.The Wars of the Roses

【答案】(1)It is the name given to the struggle(1455—1485)for the throne of England between two branches of the English royal family.

(2)The houses of Lancaster whose badge was a red rose,and York whose badge was a white rose.

(3)The wars weakened both the nobility and the monarch.

6.Henry VIII

【答案】Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor.Besides his six marriages,Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church.Henry’s struggles with Rome led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority,the Dissolution of the Monasteries,and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.

7.Elizabeth I

【答案】Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.She gave her name to an age,the Elizabeth age,which remains in English minds as an age of glory.Most people associate it with two things.One is the literature,for this was the age when English literature blossomed.The other is adventure on the sea.For the first time English ships began to explore the world and trade with distant countries.

8.Divine Right

【答案】The doctrine that a monarch derives his or her power directly from God

9.Charles Darwin

【答案】(1)The famous Britain scientist who wrote the important book“The Origin of Species”.

(2)His theory of evolution caused reaction of the Victorians against the book, and furious debates were held in private and in public.

(3)Darwin’s theory contributed to the decay of Victorianism.

10.Victorianism

【答案】Victorianism is the name given to the attitudes,art,and culture of the later two-thirds of the19th century.This usage is strong within social history and the study of literature,less so in philosophy.Many disciplines do not use the term,but instead prefer Victorian Era,or simply“Late19th century”.Victorianism as a word is often specifically directed at Victorian morality.

II.Fill in the blanks.

1._____were a series of wars in which armies from all over Europe tried to seize Palestine from the Muslims.

【答案】The Crusades