植物营养学

大气圈 Atmosphere 土壤圈 Pedosphere 生物圈 水圈 Biosphere Hydrosphere 岩石圈 Lithosphere 土壤 Soil
渗漏层 Leaky Layer 地下水层 Underground Aquifer
(Slide modified from Shen JB,CAU)
700
ton) Grain (million (M ton) and production Grain demand
Grain demand Grain production Population 531 505 431 580 600 620
640
1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600
Advanced Plant Nutrition
高级植物营养学
No plants No food No human
Plant is the producer of the food chain to animals, including human beings
Plant Nutrition: how to feed plants
(Slide modified from Chen XP,CAU)
How to solve the problem of nutrient deficiency?
Fertilization 施肥！！
16
Year 2006the 105 anniversary of nitrogen fertilizer application in China
1997 1997
2003 2003
2009 2009
2015
2021
Grain yield has been merely secured by much higher input of resources
(Slide from Zhang FS,CAU)
Film consumption/Chemicals consumption (10000 ton)
Soil Degradation!
9.0
8.0
-0.5
7.0
Soil pH
6.0
5.0
4.0
1980s
2000s
Soil pH changes in major croplands in China(1980s- 2000s)
(Guo et al., 2010, Science)
Population - Food - Resources - Environment
生产什么
生产多少
养分配比
生产技术
施用技术
发展方向
How Can We Do?
How?
Nutrient Elements of Plants 植物的营养元素
N
Cl Mo
C
H
P
S
Mg
Ni
Fe B Mn Cu Zn
O
K
Ca
17 essential elements in total!
Improve yield while increase farms’ income
Improve food quality
外观品质
内在品质
Protect and beautify environment
Breeding for nutrient efficient crops
聪明的作物
什么是聪明的作物？
This map identifies 415 eutrophic and hypoxic coastal systems worldwide. Of these, 169 are documented hypoxic areas.
There are 24 eutrophic coastal areas with
270 6 250 230
8 7 6
250
5 70000
210 65000 4 190 170 60000
粮食总产（亿吨）
200
290 270 250 230 210 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50
Fertilizer
300
粮食总产（亿吨）
5 4 3 2 1
150 130
2
What Can We Do?
What?
What Can We Do?
1. Food security 国家粮食安全
2. Improve yield while increase farms’ income
农民增产增收
3. Increase soil fertility 提高土壤肥力 4. Protect and beautify environment
Absorption, translocation, assimilation and mechanisms of nutrient elements (essential or nonessential) of plants
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction (Dr. Liao) Chapter 2. Nutrient uptake/translocation (Dr. Ma) Chapter 3. Nitrogen nutrition (Dr. Liao) Chapter 4. Phosphorus nutrition (Dr. Liao) Chapter 5. Potassium nutrition (Dr. Liao) Chapter 6. Ca, Mg and S nutrition (Dr. Liao) Chapter 7. Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe nutrition (Dr. Ma) Chapter 8. B, Mo, Cl, Ni nutrition (Dr. Liao) Chapter 9. Beneficial element nutrition (Dr. Ma) Chapter 10. Toxic elements (Dr. Ma)
Chapter 1: Introduction
Why? What? Hபைடு நூலகம்w?
Why We Study Plant Nutrition?
Why?
Population Growth
Food Security Problems
Food security is the foundation of social stability
1994
• Who will Feed China? • Will China Starve the World? • Can the United States Feed China?
(Slide from Zhang FS,CAU)
2008
2011
It took nearly 50 yrs to realize the dream of food sufficiency in China since 1949
保护和美化生活环境
5. Breeding for nutrient efficient crops
养分高效育种
6. Healthy fertilization 促进肥料产业健康发展 7. The others 其他方面
Food security
Cereal production and chemical fertilizer consumption from 1978 to 2013 in China
(World Resources Institute, 2007） www.wri.org/map/world-hypoxic-and-eutrophic-coastal-areas
(Slide modified from Chen XP,CAU)
Pollution!
21
Pollution!
22
Population (M)
600 500 400
407 300 200 214 305
400 200 0
100
0 1961 1969 1977 1985 1993 2001 2009 2017
2025 Year
Year (Data from the Statistic Bureau of China, Demand was estimated by using average grain demand of 400 kg/capita/year)
3
55000
110 50000
45000
Irrigation 250 Plastic film 200 Chemicals
150
150
90 1 70
100
Grain area100
50
50 0 40000 1961 1961
0
50
1967 1973 1973 1979 1979 1985 1985 1991 1991 1967
Improvements in the water quality of many freshwater and most coastal marine ecosystems requires reductions in both nitrogen and phosphorus inputs. documented hypoxia within Asia.
粮食安全是社会稳定之基石
9
Big Challenge in China -Food security
-Quantity -Quality
-Environmental quality
Food Security Issue of China is Always a Global Concern
Lester Brown
Plant Nutrition: how to feed plants
Broad Sense
Principles of Plant Nutrition Fertilizers Crop Fertilization Methodology for Plant Nutrition Research
Narrow Sense
0
数据来源：中国农业统计年鉴
(Slide from Chen XP,CAU)
粮食总产 (万吨)
Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)
N uptake intensity
Sowing
V4
V6
V10
V
R2
R6
Match application to crop requirement, apply fertilizers when crop is growing fast.
（照片来自V. Alves – EMBRAPA）
（照片来自严小龙）
Low fertilizer input, high yield! Genetic低肥料投入，高产出！ improvements for nutrient efficiency
养分高效遗传改良！
33
Healthy fertilization
9% arable-land, 21%population 30% fertilizer consumption
6000
化肥消费量 5000
化肥消费量 (万吨)
60000
粮食总产 55000 50000
4000
45000 40000 35000 30000
3000
2000
1000
25000 20000 1979 1985 1991 1997 2003 2009
Global Soil Problems
CH4
土壤养分流失
Nutrient Leaching
温室气体排放
Greenhouse Gas Emission
土壤污染
Soil Pollution
耕地减少
Arable Land Reduction
土壤侵蚀
Soil Erosion
土壤盐碱化
Soil Salinization (Slide modified from Shen JB,CAU)
(Slide from Zhang FS,CAU)
Grain Production and Resources Input
290
粮食总产（亿吨） Grain Yield （ t/ha） Grain area(Mha)
7 10 9
Fertilizer cosumption（ 10Mt）
有效灌溉面积
300
(Slide from Zhang FS,CAU)
Fertilized to Death, Nosengo, 2003, Nature
Over - Fertilization Causes Environmental Pollution
TN：10-29mg/L TP：0.5-2.8mg/L SS：0.6-1.4g/L