地热资源及其开发利用-03
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Slide 51 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
The first geothermal power plants in the U.S. were built in 1962 at The Geysers dry steam field, in northern California. It is still the largest producing geothermal field in the world.
Slide 53 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
闪蒸法或扩容法－二次蒸汽法
Flash steam power plants use hot water reservoirs. In flash plants, as hot water is released from the pressure of the deep reservoir in a flash tank, some if it flashes to steam.
干蒸气发电厂－一次蒸汽法
In dry steam power plants, the steam (and no water) shoots up the wells and is passed through a rock catcher (not shown) and then directly into the turbine. Dry steam fields are rare.
Slide 60 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
双循环法工作原理示意图
常用的低沸点工质
常用的低沸点工质有氯乙烷、正丁烷、异丁烷、氟利昂-11、 氟利昂-12等。在常压下，水的沸点为100℃，而低沸点的工 质在常压下的沸点要比水的沸点低得多。例如，氯乙烷在常 压下的沸点为12.4℃，正丁烷为-0.5℃，异丁烷为-11.7℃，氟 利昂-11为24℃，氟利昂-12为-29.8℃。这些低沸点工质的沸 点与压力之间存在着严格的对应关系。例如，异丁烷在 425.565kPa时沸点为32℃，在911.925kPa时为60.9℃；氯乙烷 在101.25kPa时为12.4℃，16 2.12kPa时为25℃，354.638kPa时 为50℃，445.83kPa时为60℃。
提高地热利用率，而采用梯级开发和综合利用的办法，如热 电联产联供，热电冷三联产，先供暖后养殖等。
LindalDiagram on right site showing the utilization of geothermal fluids
Lindal, 1973
地热直接利用领先的国家
(Lund, 2002) 国家 中国 日本 美国 冰岛 土耳其 GWh/yr 10,600 7,700 5,640 5,600 4,400 MWt 2,300 1,170 3,770 1,470 820
Slide 56 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
This plant operates in the middle of crops in the Imperial Valley, California. High mineral contents of some southern California geothermal reservoirs provide salable byproducts like silica and zinc.
源自文库 双循环法
In a binary cycle power plant (binary means two), the heat from geothermal water is used to vaporize a "working fluid" in separate adjacent pipes. The vapor, like steam, powers the turbine generator.
Slide 55 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
This flash plant is in Japan. In flash plants, both the unused geothermal water and condensed steam are injected back into the periphery of the reservoir to sustain the life of the reservoir.
三、地热资源开发与利用
地热能的开发利用
人类很早以前就开始利用地热能，例如利用 温泉沐浴、医疗，利用地下热水取暖、建造农作 物温室、水产养殖及烘干谷物等。但真正认识地 热资源并进行较大规模的开发利用却是始于20世 纪中叶。地热能的利用可分为地热发电和直接利 用两大类，而对于不同温度的地热流体可能利用 的范围如下：
Slide 49 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
Prince Piero Ginori Conti invented the first geothermal power plant in 1904, at the Larderello dry steam field in Italy.
Slide 54 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
闪蒸法或扩容法工作原理图
从地热井输出的具有一定压力的汽水混合物,首先进入汽水分离 器,将蒸汽与水分离。分离后的一次蒸汽进入汽轮机;而分离后的 地热水进入减压器（也称闪蒸器或称扩容器）,压力下降,一部分 地热水变为二次蒸汽（压力比一次蒸汽低）,然后将其引入汽轮 机低压段。一次蒸汽和二次蒸汽驱动汽轮机,推动发电机进行发 电。
Slide 59 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
In the heat exchanger, heat is transferred from the geothermal water to a second liquid. The geothermal water is never exposed to the air and is injected back into the periphery of the reservoir.
200～400℃直接发电及综合利用； 150～200℃双循环发电，制冷，工业干燥，工业热加工；
100～150℃双循环发电，供暖，制冷，工业干燥，脱水加工， 回收盐类，罐头食品；
50～100℃供暖，温室，家庭用热水，工业干燥；
20～50℃沐浴，水产养殖，饲养牲畜，土壤加温，脱水加工；
冰岛地热利用
3.1 地热发电
地热蒸汽发电
Natural steam from the production wells power the turbine generator. The steam is condensed by evaporation in the cooling tower and pumped down an injection well to sustain production.
Slide 50 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
The first modern geothermal power plants were also built in Larderello, Italy. They were destroyed in World War II and rebuilt. Today after 90 years, the Larderello field is still producing.
Slide 37 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
Like all steam turbine generators, the force of steam is used to spin the turbine blades which spin the generator, producing electricity. But with geothermal energy, no fuels are burnt.
This flash plant is in Dixie Valley, Nevada. Nevada is rich in geothermal resources, with more hot springs for its size than any other state.
Slide 58 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
国际上地热利用状况
以直接利用为例 (Lund, 2002)
中 国: 冰 岛:
在水产养殖方面世界领先 (40%) 86% 的取暖采用地热，占总耗能量的50％
日 本: >2,000热泉疗养处 (onsen)，大约 1,000 MWt and 6,000 GWh/yr 突尼斯: 在10年内地热温室的面积大约从10 ha 增加到 100 ha ( 每年增加26% ） 土耳其: 5年内装机容量从 140增加 820 MWt, 预计到2010年 达 3,500 MWt （每年增加42％，主要是直接利用） 美 国: 在5年内地热热泵从 140,000 增加到 400,000 台 (装机 容量从1,440增加 到 3,200 MWt –每年递增17%)。
这种发电方式的系统比较简单,一般适用于压力、温度较高的地 热资源,要求地热井输出的汽水混合物温度在１５０℃以上,用过 后的排水（从减压器排出的地热水）温度较高,可排入回灌井或 作其它用途。目前世界各国地热发电大多采用此法,应用较好的 国家有日本、新西兰、美国、意大利、菲律宾、墨西哥等。
Flash technology was invented in New Zealand. Flash steam plants are the most common, since most reservoirs are hot water reservoirs. This flash steam plant is in East Mesa, California.
Slide 52 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
20 plants are still operating at The Geysers. Wastewater from nearby cities is injected into the field, providing environmentally safe disposal and increased steam to power plants.
Slide 38 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
地热的发电形式
There are different kinds of geothermal reservoirs and different kinds of power plants.
Slide 48 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
根据低沸点工质的这种特点，我们就可以用100℃以下的地 下热水加热低沸点工质，使它产生具有较高压力的蒸气来推 动汽轮机做功。这些蒸气在冷凝器中凝结后，用泵把低沸点 工质重新打回热交换器，以循环使用。这种发电方法的优点 是，利用低温位热能的热效率较高，设备紧凑，汽轮机的尺 寸小，易于适应化学成分比较复杂的地下热水。缺点是，不 象扩容法那样可以方便地使用混合式蒸发器和冷凝器；大部 分低沸点工质传热性都比水差，采用此方式需有相当大的金 属换热面积；低沸点工质价格较高，来源欠广，有些低沸点 工质还有易燃、易爆、有毒、不稳定、对金属有腐蚀等特性。 此种系统又可分为单级双流地热发电系统、两级双流地热发 电系统和闪蒸与双流两级串联发电系统等。
The first geothermal power plants in the U.S. were built in 1962 at The Geysers dry steam field, in northern California. It is still the largest producing geothermal field in the world.
Slide 53 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
闪蒸法或扩容法－二次蒸汽法
Flash steam power plants use hot water reservoirs. In flash plants, as hot water is released from the pressure of the deep reservoir in a flash tank, some if it flashes to steam.
干蒸气发电厂－一次蒸汽法
In dry steam power plants, the steam (and no water) shoots up the wells and is passed through a rock catcher (not shown) and then directly into the turbine. Dry steam fields are rare.
Slide 60 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
双循环法工作原理示意图
常用的低沸点工质
常用的低沸点工质有氯乙烷、正丁烷、异丁烷、氟利昂-11、 氟利昂-12等。在常压下，水的沸点为100℃，而低沸点的工 质在常压下的沸点要比水的沸点低得多。例如，氯乙烷在常 压下的沸点为12.4℃，正丁烷为-0.5℃，异丁烷为-11.7℃，氟 利昂-11为24℃，氟利昂-12为-29.8℃。这些低沸点工质的沸 点与压力之间存在着严格的对应关系。例如，异丁烷在 425.565kPa时沸点为32℃，在911.925kPa时为60.9℃；氯乙烷 在101.25kPa时为12.4℃，16 2.12kPa时为25℃，354.638kPa时 为50℃，445.83kPa时为60℃。
提高地热利用率，而采用梯级开发和综合利用的办法，如热 电联产联供，热电冷三联产，先供暖后养殖等。
LindalDiagram on right site showing the utilization of geothermal fluids
Lindal, 1973
地热直接利用领先的国家
(Lund, 2002) 国家 中国 日本 美国 冰岛 土耳其 GWh/yr 10,600 7,700 5,640 5,600 4,400 MWt 2,300 1,170 3,770 1,470 820
Slide 56 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
This plant operates in the middle of crops in the Imperial Valley, California. High mineral contents of some southern California geothermal reservoirs provide salable byproducts like silica and zinc.
源自文库 双循环法
In a binary cycle power plant (binary means two), the heat from geothermal water is used to vaporize a "working fluid" in separate adjacent pipes. The vapor, like steam, powers the turbine generator.
Slide 55 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
This flash plant is in Japan. In flash plants, both the unused geothermal water and condensed steam are injected back into the periphery of the reservoir to sustain the life of the reservoir.
三、地热资源开发与利用
地热能的开发利用
人类很早以前就开始利用地热能，例如利用 温泉沐浴、医疗，利用地下热水取暖、建造农作 物温室、水产养殖及烘干谷物等。但真正认识地 热资源并进行较大规模的开发利用却是始于20世 纪中叶。地热能的利用可分为地热发电和直接利 用两大类，而对于不同温度的地热流体可能利用 的范围如下：
Slide 49 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
Prince Piero Ginori Conti invented the first geothermal power plant in 1904, at the Larderello dry steam field in Italy.
Slide 54 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
闪蒸法或扩容法工作原理图
从地热井输出的具有一定压力的汽水混合物,首先进入汽水分离 器,将蒸汽与水分离。分离后的一次蒸汽进入汽轮机;而分离后的 地热水进入减压器（也称闪蒸器或称扩容器）,压力下降,一部分 地热水变为二次蒸汽（压力比一次蒸汽低）,然后将其引入汽轮 机低压段。一次蒸汽和二次蒸汽驱动汽轮机,推动发电机进行发 电。
Slide 59 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
In the heat exchanger, heat is transferred from the geothermal water to a second liquid. The geothermal water is never exposed to the air and is injected back into the periphery of the reservoir.
200～400℃直接发电及综合利用； 150～200℃双循环发电，制冷，工业干燥，工业热加工；
100～150℃双循环发电，供暖，制冷，工业干燥，脱水加工， 回收盐类，罐头食品；
50～100℃供暖，温室，家庭用热水，工业干燥；
20～50℃沐浴，水产养殖，饲养牲畜，土壤加温，脱水加工；
冰岛地热利用
3.1 地热发电
地热蒸汽发电
Natural steam from the production wells power the turbine generator. The steam is condensed by evaporation in the cooling tower and pumped down an injection well to sustain production.
Slide 50 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
The first modern geothermal power plants were also built in Larderello, Italy. They were destroyed in World War II and rebuilt. Today after 90 years, the Larderello field is still producing.
Slide 37 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
Like all steam turbine generators, the force of steam is used to spin the turbine blades which spin the generator, producing electricity. But with geothermal energy, no fuels are burnt.
This flash plant is in Dixie Valley, Nevada. Nevada is rich in geothermal resources, with more hot springs for its size than any other state.
Slide 58 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
国际上地热利用状况
以直接利用为例 (Lund, 2002)
中 国: 冰 岛:
在水产养殖方面世界领先 (40%) 86% 的取暖采用地热，占总耗能量的50％
日 本: >2,000热泉疗养处 (onsen)，大约 1,000 MWt and 6,000 GWh/yr 突尼斯: 在10年内地热温室的面积大约从10 ha 增加到 100 ha ( 每年增加26% ） 土耳其: 5年内装机容量从 140增加 820 MWt, 预计到2010年 达 3,500 MWt （每年增加42％，主要是直接利用） 美 国: 在5年内地热热泵从 140,000 增加到 400,000 台 (装机 容量从1,440增加 到 3,200 MWt –每年递增17%)。
这种发电方式的系统比较简单,一般适用于压力、温度较高的地 热资源,要求地热井输出的汽水混合物温度在１５０℃以上,用过 后的排水（从减压器排出的地热水）温度较高,可排入回灌井或 作其它用途。目前世界各国地热发电大多采用此法,应用较好的 国家有日本、新西兰、美国、意大利、菲律宾、墨西哥等。
Flash technology was invented in New Zealand. Flash steam plants are the most common, since most reservoirs are hot water reservoirs. This flash steam plant is in East Mesa, California.
Slide 52 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
20 plants are still operating at The Geysers. Wastewater from nearby cities is injected into the field, providing environmentally safe disposal and increased steam to power plants.
Slide 38 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
地热的发电形式
There are different kinds of geothermal reservoirs and different kinds of power plants.
Slide 48 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office
根据低沸点工质的这种特点，我们就可以用100℃以下的地 下热水加热低沸点工质，使它产生具有较高压力的蒸气来推 动汽轮机做功。这些蒸气在冷凝器中凝结后，用泵把低沸点 工质重新打回热交换器，以循环使用。这种发电方法的优点 是，利用低温位热能的热效率较高，设备紧凑，汽轮机的尺 寸小，易于适应化学成分比较复杂的地下热水。缺点是，不 象扩容法那样可以方便地使用混合式蒸发器和冷凝器；大部 分低沸点工质传热性都比水差，采用此方式需有相当大的金 属换热面积；低沸点工质价格较高，来源欠广，有些低沸点 工质还有易燃、易爆、有毒、不稳定、对金属有腐蚀等特性。 此种系统又可分为单级双流地热发电系统、两级双流地热发 电系统和闪蒸与双流两级串联发电系统等。