汉语句子的英译(小句的连接和整合)

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先生慢条斯理地说着，已经很久没有看到内地作 家的新书了，听得出话音里带着些许遗憾。 "I haven't read new books from mainland writers for quite a while," he said, a hint of regret in his tone.
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2. 短语结构 分词短语，动词不定式等 看门人惊呆了，喘着粗气，摇摇晃晃地走下楼梯。 The janitor staggered down the stairway, stunned and gasping.
汉译英句子的构造 之三 ---化散为整
英汉互译
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汉语行文形式连接少，多用散句。英语句子形式 严密。（diffusive vs. compact) 汉译英如何化散为整？ 意义合并的手段 ： 1 形合法 2 使用名词化结构
句子的化散为整
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1. 使用具有连接作用的结构, 如and, so that, who, that 等 2. 短语结构：分词短语，动词不定式，介词短语等 。 名词短语或名词性短语 名词或名词性短语与标点符号连用 , : --- 对前面(也包括后面)的名词进行解释说明,一 般称为同位 结构 ３. 副词 ４. 使用名词化的结构来合并句子
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3. 名词化结构来连接句子 用非人称名词或名词化做主语 (1) 采取新技术， 大大降低了产品的废品率。 The adoption of new technology has greatly reduced the defective products percentage.
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先生显然很高兴与我们聊天，他愉快地回忆着往 事，1948年经过长达一个月的旅途颠簸后，先 生来到北平，开始学习中国古代文学，即使对中 国人来说，这都是一门很难的课程。 Fondly remembering his life in Beijing, he told us how he arrived in 1948 after a month-long journey and began studying ancient Chinese literature -- a hard course, even for Chinese.
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ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
1970年，他下定决心把红楼梦翻译成英文，开 始了十年的译著苦旅。为了能够专注于翻译，他 竟然辞去了牛津教授的职位，表现出了巨大的勇 气和奉献精神。 In 1970, he embarked on an English translation; a monumental task that took 10 years to complete. In order to concentrate on it, he resigned from his chair at Oxford - an act of remarkable dedication. 分析同位结钩
3. 名词化结构来连接句子 小句表达的意思用动名词短语表达 名词化结构作宾语
他把中国人最喜欢的古典文学作品之一《红楼梦》（他 译成《石头记》）翻译成了英文，并因此而成名。 He is renowned for…
他将中国人民最钟爱的古典小说以通俗易懂的方式引荐 给西方读者，为中国和英国人民架起一座文化的桥梁， 他的贡献将永为世人铭记。 He will be well remembered for bringing … Logo Company
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最后一次见到先生是今年4月的一个下午，阳光 充满暖意，我拜访了先生在牛津的家。 The last time I saw him was on a warm, sunny afternoon last April, when I called on him at his Oxford home. 意义的整合和连接
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1. 使用具有连接作用的结构, 如so that, who, that 等 (1) 天气寒冷，河水都结冰了。 It was so cold that the river froze. （２）他被书中所描述的大观园悲欢离合的故事和其中 揭示的多彩社会生态所深深吸引，一辈子的红楼情缘就 此结下。 He was so enchanted by the saga of the characters and the kaleidoscopic view of Chinese society which the book revealed that it became his lifelong passion.
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(３) 年满十八岁的公民，都有选举权和被选举权。 All citizens who have reached the age of eighteen have the right to vote and to stand for election. (４) 还是热，心里可镇定多了。凉风，即使是一点点， 给了人们许多希望。（老舍"骆驼祥子"） It was still hot but everyone felt much better, for the breeze, though slight, brought them hope.
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他将中国人民最钟爱的古典小说以通俗易懂的方式引荐 给西方读者，为中国和英国人民架起一座文化的桥梁， 他的贡献将永为世人铭记。 He will always be remembered for bringing the Chinese people's favourite classical novel closer to western readers, making it readable and understandable, and for building a cultural bridge between the Chinese and British people.
(2) 只要看一眼这封信，你就会明白你上当了。 A glance at this letter will convince you that you have been taken in.
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（３）房子位于荒废的小巷里，破败陈旧，一片凄凉。 The old and dilapidated house in the deserted lane made a dismal picture. (注意意义的整合）
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先生从窄窄的走道出来，拱手上前，笑盈盈地用传统的 中国方式向我们问好：“欢迎光临寒舍”，一口标准的 普通话，像一位中国老者。 Coming out of a narrow passanger, he greeted me in the traditional Chinese way: both hands held together to his chest and all smiles. He said "Welcome to my humble home," in perfect Chinese, just like any Chinese old man. 分清楚主次 各种短语结构综合使用: 动词短语，名词短语，介词短语
（４）议会解散以后，出现了动荡局面。 Congress dissolution saw violent scenes. （５）他的健康状况很差，无法实现他的梦想。 Poor health incapacipated (disabled) him from realizing his dream.
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4.副词常常有从句的功能，能对整个句子做出评价。如 1) 哈罗德先生没有流露出自己的情感，只是察言观色， 心领神会。这是他这个人的特点。 Characteristicly, Mr Harold concealed his feelings and watched and learned. 2) 她以她高超的烹调技艺为傲，这是情有可原的。 She was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking. 3) 司法部门如果对此不闻不问，那就是没有尽到责任。 Law enforcement cannot responsibly stand Company Logo aloof.

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小说的原作者曹雪芹未能完成整部作品，为后人 留下了很多无法破解的悬案，至今为学术界所关 注和争论。
Cao Xueqin, the author, never finished the book, leaving many unsolved mysteries which remain a source of interest for academics to this day.
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(4) 当时，友谊商店只对外宾开放，不对中宾开放。 At the time the friendship store was exclusively open to foreign visitors. (5) 她对自己所取得的成就充满了自豪，这也不是没有 道理的。 She is justifiably proud of her achievements. (6) 这家小工厂经过技术改造，发展很快，使人感到惊 讶不已。 After undergoing technological renovation, this small factory is developing with surprising speed.
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我注意到房间各个角落都堆满了中文古典文学书籍，当 中也有几本当代小说，他从中国求学回英国已经58年了 ，还能说一口纯正的普通话，这必是原因所在了。 Looking at the books scattered about mostly traditional literary works in Chinese alongside a handful of contemporary novels -, I began to understand how he had managed to remain fluent in Chinese 58 years after returning from studying in China.
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2. 短语结构 名词短语或名词性短语
名词或名词性短语与标点符号连用 , : --- 对前面的名词进行解释说明,一般称为 同位 结构
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霍克斯是牛津大学一位中国古代文学学者，他把中国人 最喜欢的古典文学作品之一《红楼梦》（他译成《石头 记》）翻译成了英文，并因此而成名。 An Oxford scholar of classical Chinese literature, he was renowned for his translation of a much-loved Chinese literary classic, A Dream of Red Mansions - or The Story of the Stone, as he translated it.